Crop Science Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering crop science principles, plant physiology, breeding, and postharvest technology based on the reviewer transcript.

Green manure crops

Legume crops plowed under the soil at flowering stage to increase soil productivity.

Vine

A herbaceous plant that needs a support to be able to stand upright.

Phloem

The plant tissue that transports food/assimilates to different plant parts.

Meristem

The plant tissue responsible for growth.

Mitochondria

The organelle that serves as the site of respiration.

Chloroplasts

Organelles considered the site of photosynthesis because they contain chlorophyll.

Poaceae

The scientific family name for rice and the grass family.

Agronomic classification

A crop classification based on uses such as food crops, cereals, and pulses.

Pulse

A classification of crops that includes Mungbean.

Industrial crop

A crop primarily grown to provide raw materials for processing.

Graminae

A scientific name for the Grass Family, synonymous with Poaceae.

Cucurbitaceae family

The plant family that includes $Lagenaria\ siceraria$ and $Cucumis\ sativus$.

Day-neutral plant

A plant, such as the tomato, that flowers regardless of day length.

Crop classification (Extension)

A system that simplifies farmer training in extension work.

Binomial nomenclature

The system of naming species introduced by Linnaeus.

Recalcitrant seeds

Seeds that cannot be kept viable for long periods because they cannot withstand drying.

Fibrous roots

The type of root system characteristic of rice.

Root hairs

Structures that increase surface area for greater absorption of water and minerals.

Root functions

To absorb water, store food, and anchor plants (but not to produce food).

Water absorption site

The root hairs, which absorb most of the water and minerals from the soil.

Dicotyledonous plants

Plants with flower parts in fours or fives, two seed leaves, and vascular bundles in a ring.

Relative energy of light

Blue light contains more energy than red light.

Water requirement (Crop)

A value that increases under conditions of high solar radiation.

Bt Corn

The first GMO approved for commercial production in the Philippines.

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR)

The effective wavelength range for photosynthesis, between $400-700\,nanometer$.

G \times E interaction

The interaction between Gene and Environment.

Genotype

The factor that sets the ultimate limit of variation in a plant.

Environmental variation

An effect illustrated when a maize variety performs well in one region but poorly in another.

Temperature at $1000\,meters$

Relative to a sea-level temperature of $30^\circ C$, air temperature on a mountain top is $23.5^\circ C$.

Optimum temperature

The temperature at which a biological process takes place at its fastest rate.

Non-photoperiodic variety

A variety that flowers and matures earlier in the Philippines than in China.

Climate

A major production factor that is considered uncontrollable.

Fertilizer

A management factor that is considered controllable.

Photocybernetic effect

Effects such as the opening of morning glory flowers (photonasty) or etiolation in the dark.

Oxygen source (Photosynthesis)

The oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from $H_2O$.

Respiration

The biological process that releases energy.

Photosynthesis

The biological process that absorbs energy.

Translocation

The process responsible for transporting food throughout the plant.

C4 plants efficiency

Better efficiency in tropical conditions by minimizing photorespiration.

High temperature adaptation

A characteristic primarily found in C4 plants.

Soybean

An example of a C3 plant.

Xylem

The tissue through which water and mineral nutrients are translocated to aerial plant parts.

Ascent of sap driving force

Powered by solar radiation, transpiration, and evaporation of water in the leaf.

Photosynthetic efficiency ranking

C4 plants are generally more efficient than C3 or CAM plants.

Transpiration benefits

Cools leaves, accelerates sap ascent, and helps translocate minerals from root to shoot.

Water exit sites

Lenticels, cuticles, and stomata.

Light reaction products

The outputs of the first phase of photosynthesis: ATP and NADPH.

Direction of Xylem flow

A flow that is generally acropetal (upward from roots to shoots).

B line

A genetically identical but fertile line used to maintain a male sterile rice line (A line).

Backcross method

Breeding technique where progeny are repeatedly mated back to a recurrent parent to restore traits.

Repeated backcrossing purpose

To recover the genetic background of a cultivar while adding a specific new trait.

Reciprocal cross

A cross involving Variety A (\text{\female}) \times Variety B (\text{\male}) and its reverse to determine maternal influence.

A \times R cross

The specific cross used to produce fertile and vigorous F1 hybrid rice seeds.

In situ conservation

The conservation of a species in its natural habitat.

Ex situ conservation

Long-term preservation of species under controlled conditions outside their natural habitat.

Heterosis

The superiority of an F1 hybrid over its parents; also known as hybrid vigor.

Genetic engineering

Directed manipulation of genes, including the transfer of genes between organisms.

R.A. 7308

The enactment that replaced the Philippine Seed Board.

National Seed Industry Council (NSIC)

The agency authorized to approve the release of recommended crop varieties in the Philippines.

Germplasm evaluation

The process of identifying duplicates and characterizing accessions using molecular markers.

Ecological factors

Site selection considerations including climate, soil, water, and air.

Soil erosion

A factor leading to the loss of topsoil and declining yields on steep slopes.

Soil air (Rice)

A soil factor explaining rice's ability to thrive in waterlogged conditions with low oxygen.

Seed propagation disadvantage

New plants may not retain the exact qualities of the mother plant.

Seed propagation advantage

Offers opportunities to produce new hybrids and varieties.

Vegetative propagation

A method using asexual parts like suckers (in bananas) to grow new plants.

Sexual propagation

The botanical term for propagation via seeds.

Hardpan layer

A layer of soil compaction caused by repeated plowing at the same depth.

Conventional tillage sequence

Consists of three steps: clearing debris, primary tillage, and secondary tillage.

Secondary tillage

The stage of land preparation following primary tillage to refine the soil for seeding.

Primary tillage

The operation of breaking and loosening soil to a depth of $15\,cm$ and burying vegetation.

Conservation tillage disadvantage

Surface residues can interfere with the application of fertilizers.

Greenhouse transplants

Provide better weed management and improved crop establishment compared to direct seeding.

Radish (Transplanting)

A vegetable that should not be transplanted because root injury lowers its market value.

Lettuce (Transplanting)

A crop with fibrous roots that is commonly and successfully transplanted.

Jute (Planting)

A crop better suited for direct sowing due to its high-density growth pattern.

Direct seeding

A method where seeds are planted directly into the field to germinate in place.

Rice drum seeder

A tool used for direct seeding rice into a puddled field to reduce labor.

Plant growth

An irreversible increase in size and dry matter.

Gibberellin

A plant hormone that promotes stem elongation.

Abscisic acid (ABA)

A plant hormone that functions as a growth inhibitor.

Ethylene

A plant hormone known for promoting fruit ripening.

Primary macronutrients

The three essential nutrients: Nitrogen ($N$), Phosphorus ($P$), and Potassium ($K$).

Green manuring benefit

Improves soil fertility primarily by adding organic matter to the soil.

Nitrogen deficiency

A nutrient deficiency that specifically causes the yellowing of leaves.

Complete fertilizer

A fertilizer, such as 14-14-14, which contains all three primary macronutrients.

Nitrogen function

The primary nutrient responsible for promoting vegetative growth in plants.

Field capacity

The maximum water-holding capacity of the soil after drainage.

Permanent wilting point

The soil moisture level at which plants cannot recover even after watering.

Flooding (Irrigation)

The irrigation method most suitable for rice production.

Climate (Irrigation)

The primary factor that influences how frequently a crop needs to be irrigated.

Climacteric fruit

Fruits, like Mango, that continue to ripen after they have been harvested.

Watermelon maturity index

Determined by a hollow sound produced when the fruit is tapped.

Threshing

The postharvest process used to separate grains from their stalks.

Physiological maturity example

A papaya fruit showing peel yellowing.

Immature commercial stage

The stage at which snap beans ($Phaseolus\ vulgaris$) are harvested for consumption.

Postharvest loss reduction

A way to contribute to national dietary security without expanding production area.

Excess transpiration (Potato)

The cause of shriveled potatoes, often triggered by high temperature or low relative humidity.

Rapid moisture depletion

Caused by high respiration rates due to stress, injury, or high temperatures.

PhilMech

The Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization.