A&P 2 Lab Practical 1

hypothalamus

major controller of endocrine glands; secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones to control activity of anterior pituitary; produces ADH & oxytocin to be released by posterior pituitary

pituitary gland

also called the hypophysis; located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum; consists of two lobes

anterior pituitary

lobe of the pituitary also called the adenohypophysis; consists of 3 divisions

posterior pituitary

lobe of the pituitary also called the neurohypophysis; consists of the pars nervosa

pars distalis

largest division of the anterior pituitary; secretes TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, & GH

pars tuberalis

division of the anterior pituitary that wraps around the infundibulum

pars intermedia

division of the anterior pituitary that produces MSH

pineal gland

gland which lies in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle; produces melatonin

thyroid gland

gland which lies anterior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx; consists of two lobes connected by isthmus; produces T3, T4 hormones

parathyroid glands

4 glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland; produces PTH

adrenal glands

glands which lie along the superior border of each kidney; consists of the cortex & medulla

pancreas

lies between the inferior border of the stomach & proximal portion of small intestine

thymus

produces thymosins

chromophobes

C in the diagram; cell type in the anterior pituitary which doesn't take up the stain; not directly involved in hormone production

acidophils

A in the diagram; cell type in the anterior pituitary which appear reddish-brown; produce GH & PRL

basophils

B in the diagram; cell type in the anterior pituitary which are stained deep-blue; produce the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

pituicytes

P in the diagram; neuroglia cell in the posterior pituitary

thyroid follicles

hollow spheres lined by cuboidal epithelium, containing viscous colloid in cavity

C cells

cells between thyroid follicles which produce calcitonin

chief cells

cells of the parathyroid that produce PTH

zona glomerulosa

2 in the diagram; outer layer of the adrenal cortex which produces mineralocorticoids AKA aldosterone

zona fasiculate

3 in the diagram; middle layer of the adrenal cortex which makes up 78% of it; produces glucocorticoids AKA cortisol

zona reticularis

4 in the diagram; inner layer of adrenal cortex which produces androgens

adrenal medulla

5 in the diagram; produces epinephrine & norepinephrine

pancreatic acini

#1 in diagram; clusters of exocrine cells which produce digestive enzymes

pancreatic islets

2 in the diagram; endocrine cells producing insulin, glucagon, & somatostatin

neutrophils

make up 50-70% of WBCs; multilobed nucleus

eosinophils

make up 2-4% of WBCs; bilobed nucleus; red cytoplasmic granules

basophils

make up less than 1% of WBCs; bilobed nucleus; purplish-black cytoplasmic granules

lymphocytes

make up 20-30% of WBCs; large spherical nucleus

monocytes

make up 3-8% of WBCs; kidney-shaped nucleus

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

interventricular septum

tricuspid valve

valve that lets blood from right atrium into right ventricle

pulmonary valve

semilunar valve that lets blood from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk & arteries

bicuspid valve

AKA the mitral valve; lets blood from left atrium to left ventricle

aortic valve

semillunar valve which lets blood from left ventricle into aorta

chordae tendineae

tiny white collagenic cords which anchor the cuspts of the tricuspid valve to the ventricular walls

papillary muscles

small bundles of cardiac muscle that project from the myocardial wall & connect to chordae tendineae

epicardium

AKA visceral pericardium; outer layer of heart wall

myocardium

muscular wall of heart; thickest layer

endocardium

inner surfaces of heart including valves

base of heart

apex of heart

moderator band

bundle of cardiac muscle fibers connecting the interventricular septum to the anterior papillary muscles

superior vena cava

large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper part of the body to the right atrium

inferior vena cava

brings oxygen poor blood from the lower part of the body to the right atrium

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

right coronary artery

left coronary artery

circumflex artery

anterior interventricular artery

pulmonary veins

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

fossa ovalis

a remnant site of foramen ovale in fetus; right atrium

pulmonary trunk

branches into R & L pulmonary arteries

ligamentum arteriosum

remnant of ductus arteriosus in fetus

parietal pericardium

portion of pericardium close to the chest wall

intercalated discs

cardiac cycle

consists of 2 phases: systole & diastole; lasts about 800msec

systole

contraction phase of cardiac cycle

diastole

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle

S1

first heart sound, produced by AV valves

S2

second heart sound, produced by semilunar valves