I hate anatomy

List the types of hyaline cartilage and their functions: articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal.

1. Articular: covers the ends of the bone and its what helps reduce friction.

2. Costal: it connects the ribs to the sternum

3. Respiratory: Internal Structure in the respiratory system

4. Nasal: It forms the external Nose

what is Fibrocartilage?

Its least flexible/strongest, very compressible, made up of organized rows of chondrocytes with collagen fibers.

What are the three different types of Cartilage and List them as Most Flexible from Least Flexible.

Elastic Cartilage > Hyaline Cartilage > Fibrocartilage.

Give two examples of Elastic Cartilage and what does it provides.

its found in the external ear and epiglottis. It provides Flexibility

What do osteoclasts and osteoblast work together to do?

they work together to MAXIMIZE STRENGTH while MINIMIZING MASS.

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

Osteoclasts break down bone by:

• Secreting enzymes to digest collagen and organic components.

• Releasing hydrochloric acid (HCl) to dissolve the broken/old bones. Also used to break down inorganic matter

• Removing old or unnecessary bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream.

What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?

Osteoblasts build new bone by:

• Producing collagen and laying down the osteoid (bone matrix).

• Mineralizing the osteoid with calcium and phosphate to create strong bone.

• Contributing to bone growth and repair.

Hematoma

A blood clot that forms at the site of a bone fracture as the first step in the healing process.

Osteocytes

the bone cell. Its what osteoblast makes and what osteoclasts break down.

Bone Callus:

The temporary bony tissue that forms during bone repair, eventually replaced by solid bone during remodeling.

Bone Density:

how many minerals a bone has. High Bone density = more minerals = more strength

what are the main functions of the skeletal system and what do they do?

1. Support: it's the body's framework and “holds up” the internal Organs.

2. Protection: Protects internal Organs like the brain and heart.

3. Movement: muscle pulls on the bone for movement.

4. Mineral Storage: Stores Calcium and Phosphate

5. Hematopoiesis: Blood Cells Formation occurs in red bone marrow.

What is the function of red bone marrow and where is it located?

Red marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis (production of blood cells). It is located in the epiphyses (ends) of long bones and in spongy bone of the pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and skull.

What is the function of yellow bone marrow and where is it located?

Yellow marrow stores fat (adipose tissue) and serves as an energy reserve. It is located in the diaphysis (shaft) of long bones, specifically in the medullary cavity.

How do red marrow and yellow marrow differ in function?

Red marrow produces blood cells, while yellow marrow stores fat and provides energy.

How do red marrow and yellow marrow differ in location?

Red marrow is found in the epiphyses of long bones and spongy bone, while yellow marrow is found in the diaphysis of long bones (medullary cavity).

What is a similarity between red marrow and yellow marrow?

Both red and yellow marrow are found within bones and contribute to bone function, though red marrow is involved in blood cell production and yellow marrow in fat storage.

what are the 4(.5)ndifferent types of bone?

1. Long Bone

2. Short Bone

   • Sesamoid bone (type of short bone)

3. Flat Bone

4. Irregular Bone

What are the four types of bones and examples for each?

• Flat Bones: Thin, flattened, and usually curved.
  Examples: Sternum, scapula, ribs, cranial bones (e.g., skull).

• Short Bones: Cube-shaped, roughly equal in length and width.
  Examples: Carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones).

• Irregular Bones: Complicated shapes that don't fit into other categories.
  Examples: Vertebrae, coxal (hip) bones, mandible.

• Long Bones: Longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two ends.
  Examples: Femur, humerus, metacarpals, phalanges.

what Fracture orientation is these bones? (left-right)

Left: Transverse Fracture because the break is prependicular to the long axis
Right: Linker Fracture because the break is parallel to the long axis.

What type of skin Penetration is this?

its a Closed/Simple Fracture because the break does not penetrate the skin.

what type of fracture completeness is this?

its a incomplete fracture because not its not broken all the way through

what type of fracture completeness is this?

its a complete fracture because its broken all the way through (into 2+ pieces)

what type of fracture/bone position is this?

Nondisplaced Fracture because it has a Normal Alignment

what type of fracture/bone position is this?

Displaced Fracture because its out of alignment

what type of skin penetration is this?

its a Open/Compound Fracture because the break penetrates the skin.

What are the functions of the Haversian canals and Volkmann’s canals?

• Haversian Canals: Run vertically through the center of osteons, containing blood vessels and nerves that supply bone cells.

• Volkmann’s Canals: Run perpendicular to Haversian canals, connecting different osteons and allowing blood vessels and nerves to travel between them.

1. Describe the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton. Differentiate the functions for which each division is responsible. 

Axial Skeleton: Supports and protects vital organs like the brain and heart. (Contains Skull, Ribs, Spinal Cord)

Appendicular Skeleton: Enables movement and includes the limbs and girdles. (arms, scapula, coxal, legs)

Compare and contrast osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

• Osteoarthritis: Caused by joint wear and tear, affecting cartilage in weight-bearing joints (knees, hips). Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks joint linings, leading to inflammation, often in hands and wrists, and can impact other organs.

• Key Difference: Osteoarthritis is degenerative; rheumatoid arthritis is autoimmune.

• Similarity: Both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis cause joint pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility, impacting quality of life.

What is Wolff's Law?

Wolff's Law states that bones adapt based on the stress placed on them; they become stronger with regular stress (like exercise) and weaker without it (like in inactivity or bedridden individuals).

How is blood calcium homeostasis controlled by negative feedback loops involving calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

(come back to this one tomorrow)

Relate the development and symptoms of osteoporosis to the blood calcium feedback loops and hormones above.

Osteoporosis develops when calcium is repeatedly taken from bones due to low blood calcium, prompting PTH to release more calcium into the bloodstream. Over time, this weakens the bones, while insufficient calcitonin action fails to keep calcium stored in the bones, making them fragile.