Pharynx + Larynx

What is apart of the upper respiratory tract?

pharynx
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses

What is apart of the lower respiratory tract?

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

What are the components of the gastrointestinal tract?

oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

What is the larynx?

"voice box"; airway containing vocal cords

What are the 3 functions of the larynx?

1. conducts air to/from respiratory system
2. prevents ingested/swallowed material from entering trachea
3. phonation (produces sound)

What are the bones and cartilage of the larynx?

epiglottis --> trachea

What is the function of the epiglottis?

valve to divert food to the esophagus

How does the epiglottis prevent material from entering the larynx?

closes over the laryngeal opening during swallowing

What do the arytenoid cartilages attach to?

vocal folds

What is the function of the arytenoid cartilages?

promote tension, relaxation, and/or approximation of the vocal folds (important for phonation as well as respiration)

What are the vocal ligaments attached to?

arytenoid + thyroid cartilage

What is the cricothyroid membrane an important landmark for?

cricothyrotomy - establish airway in life-threatening situations

What is another name for the vestibular fold?

false vocal fold

What is another name for the vocal fold?

true vocal fold

What is the rima glottidis?

space between right and left vocal folds

What is the function of the muscles of the larynx moving the vocal ligaments/folds?

alter size and shape of rime glottidss

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

move/pivot/tilt various cartilages

What is the purpose of the moving/pivoting/tilting cartilages of the larynx?

adduct/abduct/tense/relax vocal ligaments

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles?

only muscles that ABDUCT the vocal folds to OPEN the rima glottidis

What is the function of the arytenoid muscle?

pull arytenoid cartilages medially together to ADDUCT the vocal folds

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

rotate arytenoid cartilages to ADDUCT vocal folds

What is the function of the thyroarytenoid muscles?

shortening/relaxation of vocal folds by pulling arytenoid and thyroid cartilages together

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

lengthening/increased tension by pulling the thyroid cartilage forward

What are the branches of the vagus n. that innervate larynx?

Motor:
- external laryngeal n.
- recurrent laryngeal n.
Sensory:
- internal laryngeal n.
- recurrent laryngeal n.

What does the external laryngeal n. innervate?

cricothyroid m.

What does the recurrent laryngeal n. innervate?

all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

What does the internal laryngeal n. mediate?

sensation above the vocal folds

What does the recurrent laryngeal n. mediate?

sensation below vocal folds

What does the right recurrent laryngeal n. loop under?

subclavian a.

What does the left recurrent laryngeal n. loop under?

aortic arch

What does the recurrent laryngeal n. course through?

tracheoesophageal groove

What does the internal laryngeal n. course through?

thyrohyoid m.

What does the external laryngeal n. course through?

cricothyroid m.

What is laryngitis?

inflammation of the larynx

What is a laryngoscopy?

employed to view the larynx

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

primary bronchi at the carina

What are the three division of the pharynx?

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

What does the muscular tube of the pharynx connect?

nasal + oral cavity to the larynx + esophagus

What is the main function of the nasopharynx?

conduct air between nasal cavity and oropharynx

What is the pharyngeal tonsil?

(aka adenoid) mass of lymphatic tissue that is a component of Waldeyer's ring of lymphoid tissue

What is the torus tubarius?

elevation surrounding auditory tube opening

What is the function of the soft palate?

elevates + closes off oropharynx from nasopharynx to prevent food from entering

What is an additional function of the soft palate musculature?

open auditory tube when swallowing

What is the sensory veli palatini a branch of?

CN V3

What is the levator veli palantini a branch of? (and other soft palate musculature)

CN X

What is the location of the tensor veli palantini?

wraps around hamulus of medial pterygoid plate

What are masses of lymphatic tissue apart of the Waldeyer's ring of lymphoid tissue?

pharyngeal tonsil
tubal tonsil
lingual tonsil
palatine tonsil

What is the piriform recess?

surrounds the laryngeal recess where food can become trapped

What are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

salpingopharyngeal m.
palatopharyngeus m.
stylopharyngeus m.

Where does the salpingopharyngeal m. originate?

auditory tube

Where does the palatopharyngeus originate?

palate

Where does the stylopharyngeus originate?

styloid process

Where do the longitudinal muscles insert?

thyroid cartilage

What is the function of the longitudinal muscles?

elevate the larynx during swallowing

What are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

superior, middle, inferior

What is the origin of the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

pterygomandibular raphe

What is the origin of the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

hyoid bone/stylohyoid ligament

What is the origin of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle?

cricoid and thyroid cartilages

What is the insertion of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

pharyngeal raphe (attaching to the pharyngeal tubercle on the skull)

What is the point of transition between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx?

choanae

What are the innervations of the pharynx?

Sensory:
- CN V
- CN IX
- CN X
Motor:
- CN X (with exceptions)

Which nerve does the stylopharyngeus receive motor innervation from?

CN IX glossopharyngeal

Which nerve does the tensor veli palantini receive motor innervation from?

CN V3

How does the esophagus transport food?

peristaltic contractions

What is the function of the upper esophageal sphincter?

regulate passage of bolus from pharynx to esophagus

What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter?

regulate passage of bolus from esophagus to stomach (prevents reflux)

What are the 3 phases of deglutition (swallowing)?

1. oral phase
2. pharyngeal phase
3. esophageal phase

Oral phase

bolus is formed and propelled toward oropharynx

Pharyngeal phase

soft palatal musculature and epiglottis close

Esophageal phase

peristaltic waves of esophageal muscle contraction