Post Embryonic Development Flashcards

Flashcards about Post Embryonic Development: Metamorphosis, Regeneration, and Aging.

Metamorphosis

Biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching involving conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in the animal’s body structure through cell growth and differentiation.

Metamorphosis

Amphibians are named for their ability to undergo __.

Thyroid

Changes in amphibian metamorphosis are initiated by __ hormones such as thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

nictitating

T3 induces formation of adult specific organs such as limbs, eyes and __ membranes.

apoptosis

The first part of tail resorption is caused by __.

ammonotelic

Tadpoles are __ and adult frogs are ureotelic.

thyroid

Tadpoles metamorphosed prematurely when fed powdered horse __ glands.

concentrations

Threshold model wherein the different events of metamorphosis are triggered by different __ of thyroid hormones.

form

In ametabolous development, the insect looks like a small adult; it grows larger after each molt but is unchanged in __.

Hemimetabolous development

grasshoppers and bugs

Holometabolous development

flies, beetles, moths, and butterflies

pupal

Holometabolous insects, the transformation from juvenile into adult occurs within the __ cuticle.

Histoblast nests

Clusters of imaginal cells that will form the adult abdomen

embryo

Specification of the general cell fates occurs in the __.

development

Regeneration is the reactivation of __ in postembryonic life to restore missing tissues.

Four major ways regeneration can occur

Stem-cell mediated regeneration, Epimorphosis, Morphallaxis, Compensatory regeneration

epimorphic

Salamanders accomplish __ regeneration by cell dedifferentiation to form a regeneration blastema—which then proliferates and redifferentiates into the new limb parts.

apical

In epimorphic regeneration of salamander the growth of the regeneration blastema depends on the presence of both the __ ectodermal cap (AEC) and nerves.

This protein can cause blastema cells to proliferate in culture, and it permits normal regeneration in limbs that have been denervated

newt anterior gradient protein (nAG)

Morphollactic Regeneration in Hydras

Type of regeneration where, if a hydra's body column is cut into several pieces, each piece will regenerate a head at its original apical end and a foot at its original basal end

Compensatory regeneration

differentiated cells divide to recover the structure and function of an injured organ

Aging

Time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility

Maximum Lifespan

The maximum number of years any member of a given species has been known to survive

Life Expectancy

The length of time an average individual of a given species can expect to live

reactive

aging is a result of metabolism and its by-products, __ oxygen species (ROS).