sociology of deviance final

addiction

• a chronic, but treatable, brain disorder but treatable brain disorder in which people lose the ability to control their need for alcohol or other drugs

• chronic relapsing brain disease

• people who are addicted cannot control their need for alcohol or other drugs, even in the face of negative health, social, or legal consequences.

14-18ish

18-29 for schizophrenia

what are the ages of onset for common disorders?

aggravated assault

application of physical force with the intent to do severe bodily harm

anorexia nervosa

usually develops in adolescence or early adulthood and can be understood as a sense of distorted body image where the person feels that they are extremely overweight. this results in them going on extreme diets and restricting their food intake in a life-threatening manner

avoidant or restrictive eating

earlier known as the ‘feeding disorder of infancy and early childhood’ and is primarily diagnosed in kids below the age of 7 and may continue up until adulthood. sufferers of this disorder have a strong avoidant behavior towards consuming a certain products, flavors or foods with certain smells.

binge eating disorder

one of the most common eating disorders in the united states; it is primarily marked by frequent episodes of uncontrollable eating minus the purging behavior. in simple terms, quite similar to the bulimic behavior; just in this case, there is no compensatory behavior. Its onset is also similar to that of anorexia or bulimia.

bribery

the act of offering something of value, like money or a gift, to influence someone's actions, decisions, or opinions, especially in a corrupt or illegal way

bulimia nervosa

develops during adolescence or early adulthood and is characterized by frequent consumption of large amounts of food, followed by guilt. the feelings of guilt then cause the person to compensate (purging behavior). so, there is not much of a weight change

bullying

intentional, repeated hurtful acts, words, or other behavior, such as name-calling, threatening, and/or shunning committed by one or more children against another and an imbalance in real or perceived power between the bully and victim.

workplace bullying

bullying in occupational context

mobbing

ganging up on an individual by several offenders to force someone out of the workplace through rumors, innuendo, and humiliation

child abuse

the physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18 by a person who is responsible for the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby

substance use

mental health

adolescent parenting

domestic/intimate partner violence

income (poverty)

what are some risk factors or family characteristics that contribute to child abuse?

civil lawsuit

a lawsuit brought about in court when one person claims to have suffered a loss due to the actions of another person.

white

black

red

blue

green

what are the types of collar crimes?

white-collar crime

non-violent crimes typically committed by professionals, businesspeople, or public officials for financial gain, often involving deception, concealment, or breach of trust

EX: security fraud, embezzlement, money laundering

black-collar crime

an action or omission committed by a religious or judicial figure that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law

EX: priest arrested for child molestation, pocketing church funds

red-collar crime

a sub-group of white collar crime in which the perpetrator uses violence to avoid detection or prosecution. using violence, including murder, to conceal or further white-collar crimes like fraud or embezzlement

EX: forgery, murders committed to cover up fraud, or violence used to intimidate or harm those who could expose white-collar criminal activity

blue-collar crime

criminal activities primarily committed by individuals from lower socioeconomic classes, often involving manual labor or trades

EX: murder, armed robbery, illegal gambling

green-collar crime

a crime committed against nature. This term can refer to actual crime, in the sense that the act is illegal by the country's law, or a moral crime that may not be illegal

EX: deforestation, dumping hazardous waste, pollution, poaching

constructionist approach

argues that deviance is not inherent in an act but is a social construct. It emphasizes that what is considered deviant varies across time, cultures, and societies, and that the labeling process is crucial in defining deviance

corporate crime

offenses involving entire firms or industries instead of crimes being committed by specific individuals

criminal act are not individual specific but focused on collections of people such as corporations , organizations and their management

crime

a violation of official, written criminal law

criminal behavior

actions that violate laws established by a governing body, considered harmful or disruptive to individuals or society

deviant behavior

behavior that violates the social norms and values shared by most people in a particular culture or social setting

culture

the shared beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and artifacts that define a particular group or society

deviance in sports

behavior that violates accepted norms, rules, and values within the sport itself or in society at large. encompasses actions that go beyond what is considered acceptable within the game, whether on or off the field

deinstitutionalization movement

the term used for the reduction of hospital populations.

this movement intended to offer outpatients, including those who have previously experienced hospitalization and those who have not, a variety of services through these local clinics.

deviance

any behavior that violates cultural norms

deviant conformity

a situation where an individual adheres to a societal norm but does so based on unconventional or deviant means. While outwardly appearing to conform, it arises from rejecting the standard, legitimate ways of achieving societal goals. 

differential association theory

theory of deviance that suggests deviance is a matter of rewards and punishments. deviance occurs when an individual receives more prestige and less punishment by violating norms rather than by following them

individuals can become deviant by associating with people or joining groups that are already deviant and therefore are in the position to reward deviant behavior

differential power

greater power and influence that helping professionals have as compared to the people they help.  teachers to students is a positive example versus offender to victim

doping

the illicit use of drugs with the aim to enhance sports performance and improve an athlete's ability to win

drug abuse

the use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in excessive amounts

alcohol abuse

a pattern of alcohol use that causes significant harm or problems for the individual or society, such as health issues, relationship problems, or impaired functioning at work or school

eating disorder

pattern or habit of inconsistent eating habits or continuous disturbances in eating pattern that often lead to hazardous consequences

may be both in terms of physical as well as the mental wellbeing of a person, the effects may be catastrophic to the point of death

elder abuse

people sometimes experience abuse in nursing homes or while living with younger family members

the rate of abuse occurs in 4 to 6 percent among older people, if physical, psychological, medical, and financial abuse and neglect are included

embezzlement

the fraudulent misuse or theft of money or property that someone has been entrusted to manage, typically for their own gain

EX: employee using company credit card to buy themself a car

euthanasia

suicide motivated by desire to avoid suffering that results from disease or injury.

the practice of intentionally ending life to eliminate pain and suffering.

felony

a crime, often involving violence, regarded as more serious than a misdemeanor. usually punishable by imprisonment more than one year

EX: murder, arson, kidnapping

formal norm

explicitly stated and written rule, enforced by official institutions like laws, regulations, and company policies

EX: traffic laws, academic integrity rules, no stealing laws

-biological or genetic deficit

-psychology (i.e., personality types)

-sociological possibility of behavioristic actions.

-sociological conception of “social roles”.

what are the four general theoretical perspectives to examine mental disorders?

fraud

a false representation of fact, whether by words, conduct, or concealment, intended to deceive another

hazing

any activity expected of someone joining or participating in a group that humiliates, degrades, abuses, or endangers them regardless of a person's willingness to participate

homicide

to cause one person’s death

informal norm

unwritten, casual rules and guidelines that govern behavior within a society, culture, or group

EX: saying “excuse me,” waiting in line, using manners

insider information

non-public, material information about a company or financial instrument that is not generally available to the public, and which could significantly affect the price of that company's stock or related investments

intimate partner violence/domestic violence

any behavior within an intimate relationship that causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm

• both men and women use physical force at about the same rate

• women are more likely than men to receive injuries from abuse that requires medical attention.

• spouse abuse occurs largely among members of the lower class.

labeling

how societal reactions can shape an individual's identity and behavior, particularly regarding deviance

__an individual with a mental disorder helps the individual accept and perform the role he or she is assigned.

law

a formalized norm enforced by the state, reflecting societal values and serving as an instrument of social control.

white collar deviance is an inclusive approach that examines a wider range of acts but is weak in describing what constitutes white-collar and corporate wrongs

•an increase in the number of abuses of power that would be incorporated into the criminal law.

•the creation of more stringent penalties for those abuses of power that are now in criminal law.

what are the two forms of legislative reforms?

it should less, because with fewer regulations that would be easier to enforce with perhaps more biting penalties, they might have a greater effect than our present system of administrative and criminal laws and penalties.

legislative reforms should not be limited to reforms of increasing the criminalization of abuses of power. what should it be instead?

government regulation

civil penalties

__ of some kind is a necessary part of any system of control over abuses of power.

__ are appropriate for corporate abuses, and people who feel they have been wronged can sue a corporation in civil court.

intensive outpatient/outpatient

partial hospital

residential

inpatient

what are the four levels of care?

intensive outpatient/outpatient

patient is medically stable and does not need daily medical monitoring

patient is psychiatrically stable and has symptoms under sufficient control to be able to function in normal social, educational, or vocational situations and continue to make progress in recovery

partial hospital

patient is medically stable but:

• eating disorder impairs functioning, though without immediate risk

• needs daily assessment of physiologic and mental status

• patient is psychiatrically stable but:

• unable to function in normal social, educational, or vocational situations

• engages in daily binge eating, purging, fasting or very limited food intake, or other pathogenic weight control techniques

residential

patient is medically stable and requires no intensive medical intervention

patient is psychiatrically impaired and unable to respond to partial hospital or outpatient treatment

inpatient

patient is medically unstable as determined by:

• unstable or depressed vital signs

• laboratory findings presenting acute health risk

• complications due to coexisting medical problems such as diabetes

• patient is psychiatrically unstable as determined by:

• rapidly worsening symptoms

• suicidal and unable to contract for safety

mala in se

crimes that are bad/evil in themselves

EX: robbery, murder, rape

mala prohibita

crimes that are crimes because the law prohibits them.

EX: indecent exposure, parking violations, petty theft

manic-depressive behavior/bipolar disorder

attitude swings ranging from extreme elation in the manic stage to extreme depression

individual experiences extreme whiplash with the transition from mania to severe depression

martyrdom

by self-sacrifice in the service of others in emergencies and reckless bravery in battle usually escape religious or legal proscription

1 in 4

about how many people experience mental disorders in a year?

mental health disorders

conditions influenced by social factors and societal reactions, impacting an individual's ability to function and cope with daily life

organic mental disorders

these disorders trace their origins to identifiable organic or physiological problems.

EX: senile psychoses, paresis (nerve damage), alcoholic psychoses.

functional mental disorders

these disorders “function” to adjust individuals to their difficulties

• minor disorders (phobias, compulsive behavior)

• manic-depressive behavior

• paranoid behavior

• schizophrenia

what are some of the disorders included in functional mental disorders?

paranoid behavior/paranoia

extreme suspicion of people and conditions, with ideas of personal persecution reinforced by an intellectual defense that appears to have some basis in reality

schizophrenia (dementia praecox)

mental disorders characterized by hallucinations, delusions, diminished ambition, and social withdrawal.

mental illness

previous term used before the DSM replaced it with the expression “mental disorder“

treatment enables mentally disordered people to return to normal society

protection for both patients and society.

what are the two functions of mental hospitals?

• stigma of being hospitalized (lunacy, insane asylum)

• drugs available outside of institution

• poor treatment of clients

what are some reasons mental hospitals have lost popularity?

national crime victimization

survey used to report statistics of crimes committed from one year to the next

collects data measuring the types and amount of crime involving people age 12 or older. periodically, the survey includes additional topics such as crime in schools, contacts with law enforcement, and identity theft

norms

expected behavior in specific situations

normal range

on the continuum of deviance, the___ of acceptance falls between under-conformity and over-confomity

deviance on the field

cheating, gambling, point shaving, throwing games, fighting, performance-enhancing drugs, etc

deviance off the field

athlete arrests, criminal activity, academic cheating, alcohol use and abuse, etc.

organized crime

carried out by large-scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand

highly structured, disciplined groups that engage in criminal activities for financial gain, often involving the supply of illegal goods and services

over-conformity

behavior that goes so far in following commonly accepted rules or standards that it interferes with the well being of self or others; it is behavior grounded in an uncritical acceptance of the rules. 

• positive Deviance

• acting outside the norms but not intentionally breaking the rules

• EX: you accidently injure an opponent/ overtraining/compete when having an injury

performance-enhancing substances

difficult to define and ban

• legal (aspirin) and illegal (heroin) substances

• natural or synthetic

• harmless or dangerous

• physical changes, psychological changes, or both

• ineffective

• violation of rights and privacy

what are the cons of drug testing?

• health of athletes

• integrity of sport

• drug use is illegal and must be controlled

what are the pros of drug testing?

sport deviance

violating the rules of a game or organization, going beyond commonly accepted definitions of fair play and sportsmanship, and intentionally using illegal means to intimidate or injure an opponent

oregon

what state has been the first to pass legislation allowing physician-assisted suicide?

also the only state to allow this

the actions of an activist physician who self-admittedly assisted in several suicides (dr. jack kevorkian)

much of the controversy surrounding physician-assisted suicide stems from…

pica

severe urge to consume or the actual consumption of things that are considered inedible, such as dirt, chalks, soil, paper, pebbles, detergent, etc. it usually occurs in adulthood

piracy

war-like acts committed by private citizens.

or illegally reproducing or distributing copyrighted material, such as computer programs, books, music, and films

robbery and/or criminal violence.

ships robbed of their contents and held for ransom for their owners.

what are some examples of violent piracy?

ponzi scheme

fraudulent investment scheme in which payment to the original investors comes from the investments funds of newer investors. by promising a high rate of return from an investment opportunity that doesn’t actually exist, new investors join in, garnering pay from even newer investors. these scams collapse when the influx of new gullible investors runs out

relative approach to deviance

view of deviance that says deviance is a behavior that violates the interests of people with power, and the rule violators are exploited victims

buddhist view on suicide

what an individual does in the present moment influences his or her future, in this life or the next

since the first precept is to refrain from the destruction of life (including oneself), suicide is clearly considered a negative form of action

christian view on suicide

one's life is the property of God, and that to destroy one's own life is to wrongly assert dominion over what is God's

human life is sacred, a wonderful, even miraculous creation of the divine God, and every effort must be made to save and preserve it whenever possible

even while believing that suicide is generally wrong, liberal ___ may well recognize that people who commit suicide are severely distressed and so believe that the loving God of ___ can forgive such an act

hindu view on suicide

murdering one's own body is considered equally sinful as murdering another

under various circumstances it is considered acceptable to end one's life by fasting

• allows time for the individual to settle all worldly affairs, to ponder life and to draw close to God

islamic view on suicide

views suicide strictly as sinful and detrimental to ones spiritual journey

human beings are said to be liable to committing mistakes, thus, God forgives the sins and wipes them out if the individual is truly sincere in repentance, true to the causes and determined in intention

unpopular view that actions committed in the course of jihad resulting in one's own death are not considered suicide, even if by the nature of the act death is assured (e.g. suicide bombing). Such acts are instead considered a form of martyrdom

residual/remaining norms

a violation of norms not covered by other specific behavioral expectations

social reaction

how societal responses to an individual's behavior influence the individual's self-perception and future actions

rumination disorder

eating disorder that is characterized by a person regurgitating their meal within 30 minutes of consuming it. the previously chewed food is either re-chewed and then swallowed again or is spit- out. it may develop during childhood, infancy, or adulthood.

U.S. security and exchange commission (SEC)

federal agency primarily responsible for enforcing federal securities laws. top priorities are to protect investors, maintain fair and orderly markets, and facilitate capital formation

sexual assault

any loss of physical autonomy through unwanted actions of a sexual nature. this definition includes not only sexual activity forced through physical violence, but also sexual activity forced through incapacitation, coercion, and other power disparities.

sherman antitrust act

a “regulatory law” that is enforced by a special agency of the federal government, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).

prevent monopolies and other anti-competitive business practices that could harm consumers and limit economic competition