Key Concepts in Latin American Independence Movements

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of Haitian Revolution and former slave.

Mestizos

People of mixed Caucasian and Indigenous descent.

Native American Indians

Indigenous people of the Americas.

Encomienda System

Labor system exploiting indigenous and African people.

Italian Unification

19th century movement uniting Italian states.

Brazilian Independence

Independence from Portugal without bloodshed.

Mulattoes

People of mixed Caucasian and African descent.

Blood and Iron

Bismarck's phrase for achieving unification through war.

Nationalism

Movement promoting interests of one's own nation.

Self-Determination

Right to control one's own territory.

Region

Nickname for a place with similar characteristics.

Political Revolution

Change in government or political structure.

Reparations

Compensation for wrongdoing or economic loss.

Mercantilism

Colonial system restricting trade to mother country.

Colonial Social Class Structure

Hierarchical system with Peninsulares at the top.

Jean Jacques Dessalines

Emperor of Haiti post-Toussaint's death.

Haitian Revolution

First successful slave revolt creating a nation.

German Unification

Process of uniting German states under Prussia.

Simon Bolivar

South American liberator aiming for unity.

Jose de San Martin

Creole leader liberating parts of South America.

Peninsulares

White people born in Spain or Portugal.

Criollos

Descendants of Peninsulares born in Americas.

African Slaves

Enslaved individuals brought to the Americas.

Camillo di Cavour

The 'Brain' behind Italian unification.

Giuseppe Mazzini

The 'Heart' of the Italian unification movement.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

The 'Sword' leading military efforts in Italy.