Pedia

prelims

Growth

Increase in the physical size

Development

increase in the capability or function

Maturation

 increase in competence and adaptability

Differentiation

biologic description of the processes by w/c early cells and structure are systematically modified and altered to achieve specific characteristics of physical and chemical properties

describe growth and development in terms of time

They are continuous processes from conception until death.

How does growth and development progress?

in an orderly sequence.

Do all children develop at the same rate?

No. Children pass through predictable stages but at different rates.

Do all body systems develop at the same time?

No. Different body systems develop at different times/rates.

What does “cephalocaudal” mean?

Development proceeds from head to toe (head → lower body).

What does “proximal to distal” mean?

Development proceeds from the center of the body outward (trunk → arms/hands/fingers).

What does “gross to refined” mean?

Development proceeds from large/general movements to smaller, more precise movements.

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

v A. GENETIC INFLUENCES

1. Sex differences

2. Races and nationality

3. Intelligence level

4. Health

5. Physical stature

6. temperament

v B. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES

1. Quality of nutrition

2. Has significance influence on eventual health and stature

3. Socioeconomic level

4. Parent-child relationship

5. Ordinal position in the family

6. Diseases

Physical Growth

refers to the changes in body size and shape as a person gets older. This includes height, weight, and the development of muscles and bones.

Mental Development

growth of a person’s ability to think, learn, and solve problems.

Emotional Development

understanding and managing emotions. It’s how we learn to express feelings like happiness, anger, or sadness and how we develop empathy for others.

Social Development

learning how to interact with others and building relationships.

Chronological age

actual age of a person, measured in years and months from the date of birth.

Cognitive Development

refers to tools and tests used to measure how a person’s thinking, learning, and problem-solving skills are developing.

Metro Manila Development Screening Test

· specific tool used in the Philippines to screen children for developmental delays.

· MMDST evaluates 4 sectors of development:

o Personal-Social – tasks which indicate the child’s ability to get along with people and to take care of himself

o Fine-Motor Adaptive – tasks which indicate the child’s ability to see and use his hands to pick up objects and to draw

o Language – tasks which indicate the child’s ability to hear, follow directions and to speak

o Gross-Motor – tasks which indicate the child’s ability to sit, walk and jump

Growth Parameters

·  measurements used to track physical development, such as height, weight, and head circumference.

Sigmund Freud theory of Psychosexual Development

 theory states that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at certain age.

Unconscious Mind

Contains memories, motives, fantasies and fears that are not accessible to recall but directly affect behavior

ID

It is a part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means

Ego

The conscious mind that serve as mediator between the desires of the id and the constraint of reality so that one might live effectively.

Super ego

Part conscience that represent one’s conscience and develops from the ego

Represents the internalization of rules and values so that socially acceptable behavior is practiced

Oral (birth-1y/o)

drives pleasure from mouth w/biting, sucking and eating as primarily desires

Primary need

  is security and major conflict is weaning

Fixation

is unresolved conflicts a certain stage

Anal (1-3y/o)

o w/ control over body secretions as prime force behavior

 Begins with the develop of neuromuscular control to allow control of anal sphincter

Phallic (4-6y/o)

o  child learns sexual identity through awareness of genital area

Latency (6-puberty

o energy is directed to physical and intellectual pursuits

§ At this stage, sexual interest can be expressed in overt sexual relationship