10HIS T1+2

Industrial Revolution start

In the 1750s in England.

Power source in Industrial Revolution

Coal and steam power.

Leading industry of Industrial Revolution

The textile industry.

Two key textile inventions

Spinning Jenny (1764) and Water Powered Loom (1785).

Benefit of steam engine

Allowed faster, cheaper travel and transport of goods, changed warfare, enabled mass production.

New weapons in Industrial Revolution

Armed warships, machine guns, tanks.

Major social change during Industrial Revolution

Urbanisation—more people moving to cities.

Population increase effect on IR

More people meant more demand for goods and labor, enabling industrial growth.

Political stability role in IR

Allowed infrastructure projects and investments without fear of war or destruction.

Financial stability importance in IR

Ready access to money backed industrial projects and trade.

Agricultural Revolution contribution to IR

Improved farming efficiency led to more food and supported a growing population.

Enclosure System

Privatization of land into larger farms, increasing efficiency but displacing small farmers.

Crop Rotation

Maintained soil fertility by rotating crops, boosting yields and population growth.

Robert Blackwell

Selective breeding of livestock for better quality and quantity.

Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

Machine that planted seeds in neat rows, improving efficiency and yields.

Rotherham Plough

A lighter iron plough that made ploughing easier and increased food production.

Working conditions in early factories

Harsh—long hours (up to 14 hrs), dangerous equipment, no heating, noisy, low wages.

Effect of guild abolition (1799)

Workers lost protections regulating hours and conditions.

Child labor reason

Families needed income; children worked in mills, fields, mines often for 12+ hours.

Factory Act 1833 significance

Limited child working hours, minimum age 9, required education.

Reforms helped by

Robert Peel and the 10 Hours Movement (1831).

Enlistment

The act of joining armed forces voluntarily.

Propaganda

Biased or misleading information used to influence people’s opinions or actions, often to promote a political cause or point of view.

Mateship

A defining aspect of the Australian national identity, particularly within the Anzac spirit, signifying strong bonds of camaraderie, mutual support, and resilience among soldiers.

Western Front

The main battlefront during WW1 in Western Europe mainly across France and Belgium, characterized by trench warfare.

Eastern Front

The battlefield between Germany & Austria-Hungary on one side, and Russia on the other.

ANZACs

Australia New Zealand Army Corps, a combined military force of Australian and New Zealand soldiers fighting together in key campaigns like Gallipoli.

Gallipoli

A peninsula in modern-day Turkey where Allied forces (including ANZACs) attempted to land and fought during WW1 in 1915.

Stalemate

A situation where neither side can win or gain advantage, common on the Western Front due to trench warfare.

Trench Warfare

Fighting from deep trenches dug into the ground for protection, typical in WW1.

Conscription

When a country forces people to join the military, even if they don’t volunteer.

Trench Foot

A painful condition caused by prolonged exposure to cold, wet, unsanitary conditions in trenches, leading to swelling, infection, or gangrene.

No Man’s Land

The dangerous, empty area between opposing trenches, often filled with barbed wire and landmines.

Shell Shock

Psychological trauma with symptoms like trembling and nightmares experienced by soldiers exposed to intense violence in battle.

Causes of WW1

Militarism, Alliance system, Imperialism, Nationalism (M.A.I.N).

Trigger of WW1

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in June 1914.

July Crisis

The tense month after the assassination when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, triggering alliances to activate and start WW1.

Reasons men enlisted

Patriotism, adventure, travel, belief war would be short, hatred of enemy, social pressure, and financial incentives.

WW1 Battlefields

Western Front (France & Belgium), Eastern Front (Germany vs Russia), Italy, Middle East, and Gallipoli.

Gallipoli Campaign

Allied attempt to defeat Ottoman Empire in 1915; ended in failure but became a symbol of ANZAC spirit.

Conscription issue in Australia

Australia relied on volunteers initially; after heavy losses, two referendums on conscription were held (1916 & 1917) and both failed.

Reasons for conscription

Need for more soldiers, fairness, loyalty to Britain, fear of German victory.

Reasons against conscription

No one should be forced to fight, voting yes means death, weakened army if forced, war doesn’t directly involve Australia.

Who supported conscription

Business leaders, newspapers, middle & upper classes, Prime Minister Billy Hughes.

Who opposed conscription

Trade unions, working class, Irish Australians, some religious groups (especially Catholics), women’s groups.

militarinism

The buildup of military strength to prepare for war 

example of militarinims

Naval race between the Britain and Germany 

aliiance

Agreements between countries between countries for mutual aid and protection

alliance examples

Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia) vs Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) 

imperialism

Competition for overseas colonies and resources

imperialism example

Germany, Britain and France competing over overseas colonies/resources (especially in Africa)

nationalism

Pride and devotion to one’s country.

nationalism example

Serbians in Bosnia wanting independence from Austria-Hungary