Biology 1020 ulm brown

biology

The properties of life

Cells, metabolism, response to environment, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, and evolution

modified cell theory

All cells come from other cells

Levels of organization

Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, biosphere

Metabolism

The total of all chemical reactions in the body of an organism

Homeostasis

Maintaining a constant internal environment

Vertical descent with modification

Process in which species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumulation of mutations

Horizontal gene transfer

Process in which an organism incorporated genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Taxonomy

Grouping organisms into categories

The 3 Domains

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Prokaryote

An organism with no membrane-bound organelles or nuclei

Eukarya

"True nucleus", organism containing membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

The 4 Kingdoms

Protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

Protista

Unicellular or simple multicellular

Fungi

Saprophyte

Plants

Multicellular autotrophs

Animals

Nervous systems, heterotrophs

Binomial nomenclature

Each species has a unique scientific name, italicized and capital Genus

Genome

Entire genetic makeup of an organism

Genomics

The study of analyzing the DNA of an organism

Proteome

Complete complement of proteins a cell or organism can make

Discovery-based science

Accidental discoveries

Hypothesis based inquiry

Observation, question, form a hypothesis, experiment, accept or reject

Compound

Two or more different atoms in a molecule

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

Four elements critical to life

Atomic number

The number of protons in an atom

Atomic mass or Mass number

Number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Isotopes

Multiple forms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

Molecular formula

Tells you which atoms are preset and how many

Covalent bonds

Bond between atoms in which the atoms share the electrons; very strong

Polarization

The unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond, resulting in regional charges

Hydrogen bonds

Bond characterized my the magnetic attraction between polar molecules

Ionic bonds

Bond formed from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Cation

Net positive charge

Anion

Net negative charge

Cohesion

Attraction of a substance to itself via hydrogen bonds

Adhesion

Clinging of a polar liquid to a hydrophilic surface

Surface tension

Measure of the difficulty to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Specific heat

Amount of energy required to change the temperature of 1g of a substance 1 degree C

4 degrees C

Temperature at which water is at its most dense

eukaryotic cells

-10-100x -complex interior has nucleus

prokaryotic cells

-smaller -no nucleus -simple interior

cell theory

all living organisms are composed of one or more cells

cells

the smallest unit of life

chromatin

dna and helper proteins

nuclear matrix

liquid on inside of nucleus

nucleolus

where ribosomes are made

nuclear pores

protein lined channel that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm

rough er

have ribosomes; source of membranes

ribosomes

build proteins

smooth er

no ribosomes; makes lipids

golgi apparatus

complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells

lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes; strong acids

central vacuoles

found in plant cells; filled with water; single membrane

animals

do not have large vacuoles

mitochodrion

location of cell respiration

chloroplast

used in photosynthesis; found in plants and algae

symbiosis

2 organisms benefitting each other

endosymbiosis

in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other

coral and alfae

example of endosymbiosis

thylakoids

internal membranes of chloroplasts

granum

the disks piled on top of each other in chloroplasts

endosymbiosis theory

simple to complex cels

DNA

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own --- not in the nucleus

cytoskeleton

various internal structures and supports infrastructure for most intercellular transport

actin filaments

microfilaments; long, thin fibers; can't be taken apart

microtubule

railroad tracks; long, hollow, cylindrical; can be assembled or disassembled; 4x larger than a tin filaments

intermediate filaments

medium in size; twisted rope like structure

cell wall

made of cellulose; give protection to the cell; useful in osmosis

actin filaments

protein fibers that play a role in movement of cell and organelles

flagellum

usually longer than cilia; present singly or in pairs used for movement, tail of sperm

cilia

shorter used for movement,

metabolism

general term for all chemical reactions in the cell; all connected in some wat

ATP

sugar and nucleic acid

enzymes

don't typically carry energy