Chapter 11 counseling families, diagnosis, neurocounseling, and advanced concepts

A married couple brings their two children to counseling for behavioral problems. The 14-year-old daughter stays out late and their 17-year-old son is using drugs. According to most marriage and family therapists the identified patient would be

the 17-year-old son.

the 14-year-old daughter.

the family.

both children.

the family.

You are seeing a husband and wife for marriage counseling. During one of the sessions you decide to see them separately. The husband tells you he has seen an attorney because he is filing for divorce. He has not told his wife and indicates that he will not do so. You feel the wife has a right to know this because it will help her plan for the future. You should

only tell his wife if he gives you permission.

communicate his intent to his wife since ethics guidelines state you may do so when a member

of the couple is contemplating divorce.

not tell the wife since research indicates that women respond more positively to divorce when

they have less time to think about it.

terminate the husband unless he tells her.

only tell his wife if he gives you permission.

You are supervising a licensing candidate who is primarily interested in marriage and family counseling. You are very attracted to her and have sex with her. According to ethics guidelines

this is perfectly ethical, since this is a student and not a client.

this is unethical.

this is perfectly ethical, since this is a supervisee and not a client.

a and c are both correct.

this is unethical.

The fastest growing clientele for professional counselors are persons

experiencing bipolar disorder.

experiencing suicidal ideation.

experiencing marriage and family problems.

who abuse their children.

experiencing marriage and family problems.

Family counselors generally believe in

circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members).

linear causality.

random causality.

dream analysis.

circular/reciprocal causality (e.g., dynamics of family members).

Cybernetics is a concept used by family therapists. It is usually associated with the work of

Sigmund Freud and Albert Ellis.

Norbert Wiener.

Virginia Satir.

behavioral family therapists and cognitive family therapists.

Norbert Wiener.

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of

adaptability.

enmeshment.

nonsummativity.

homeostasis.

homeostasis.

Adaptability is the ability of the family to balance

ego strength.

stability and change.

morphostasis and morphogenesis.

b and c.

b and c.

A family wants to see you for counseling; however, they have a very limited income and an’t afford to pay. You therefore agree to see the family for free (i.e., pro bono). The term that best describes your actions would be

aspirational ethics

mandatory ethics

empathy

all of the above

aspirational ethics

Experiential conjoint family therapy is closely related to the work of

Virginia Satir.

Albert Ellis.

Jay Haley.

Salvador Minuchin.

Virginia Satir.

Virginia Satir felt that a major goal of therapy was to improve intrafamily communication (i.e., communication between family members). According to Satir, four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant. Placating means

you disagree with all the other family members.

you pick a favorite family member and agree with him or her.

you ignore the other family members.

you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection.

you try to please everybody out of a fear of rejection.

The placater is a people pleaser under stress while the blamer

will sacrifice others to feel good about himself.

will often say “if it weren’t for you…”

will point the finger at others to avoid dealing with his or her own issues.

all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer.

all of the above are typical behaviors of the blamer.

The person who becomes overly reasonable

practices excitation.

cries a lot during therapy sessions.

is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization.

has a high degree of emotion.

is likely to engage in the defense mechanism of intellectualization.

According to Virginia Satir, the individual displaying an irrelevant style

will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

will become a people pleaser.

will analyze the situation more than most.

all of the above.

will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

Virginia Satir is considered a leading figure in experiential family, _____

is sometimes called the dean of experiential family therapy.

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

Gregory Bateson

Carl Whitaker

Murray Bowen

Carl Whitaker

Carl Whitaker’s interaction with the family could best be described as

quiet and empathic.

Joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.

a reality therapist.

a cognitive behavior therapist.

Joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member.

According to Carl Whitaker,

a co-therapist is helpful.

a co-therapist should never be used.

a co-therapist should be used only with blended families.

all of the above could be true.

a co-therapist is helpful.

Psychotherapy of the absurd is primarily related to the work of

Virginia Satir.

Carl Whitaker.

Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr.

William Glasser.

Carl Whitaker.

A behavioristic marriage and family therapist is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says, “You must complete your sociology essay before you can use the family care and go out with your friends, “Which theorist is primarily guiding her intervention strategy?”

David Premack’s principle or law.

Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson.

B.F. Skinner.

all of the above.

David Premack’s principle or law.

A behavioristic marriage and family counselor is counseling the entire family together. She turns to the 18-year-old son who is attending community college and says “I know you like to play golf. Therefore, every time you cut the grade your father will take you to play gold. I am going to have you and your dad sign a contract confirming that you agree with this policy,” Which principle is primarily guiding her strategy?

Negative reinforcement

Thought stopping

Shaping with successive approximations

guid pro quo

guid pro quo

A male is supervising a female counselor for state licensing. He tells her that he will continue to supervise her as long as she has sex with him. This is an example of

quid pro quo.

a legal but not an ethical violation.

a and b.

none of the above.

quid pro quo.

A behavioristic family counselor suggests that the family chart the number of times that 6-year-old billy says “no” when he is told to do something. The baseline of the chart would refer to the period.

when positive reinforcement is being implemented.

when negative reinforcement is being implemented.

when quid pro quo is being implemented.

before the behavior modification begins.

before the behavior modification begins.

The family counselor explains to Mrs. Smith that the next time that 9-year-old Sally hits her little brother she must sit in the family room by herself. The counselor is using

shaping.

shaping with successive approximations.

reciprocity.

time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

time-out, a procedure that most behaviorists feel is a form of extinction.

Mrs. Chance tells a family therapist that she pays all the bills, does all the cleaning, and brings in 90% of the family’s income. Moreover, Mrs. Chance is convinced that her husband does not appreciate her or show her affection. According to the behavioristic principle of family therapy known as reciprocity

There is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.

It may seem paradoxical; nevertheless, Mrs. Chance will be more committed to making the marriage work.

It may seem paradoxical: nevertheless, there is a good chance Mr. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.

The situation will have virtually no impact on the couple’s marriage.

There is a good chance that Mrs. Chance will consider leaving the marriage.

A couple is having sexual problems that stem from anxiety. A marriage counselor who is a strict behaviorist would most likely

dispute the couple’s irrational thinking.

prescribe thought stopping.

rely on systematic desensitization procedures.

rely primarily on paraphrasing and reflection.

rely on systematic desensitization procedures.

A family counselor notices that the husband in a blended family is having obsessive sexual thoughts about a woman living down the street. A strict behaviorist would most likely

analyze the man’s dreams.

have him chart the incidence of the behavior, but do little else.

practice thought stopping.

rely primarily on Wolpe’s systematic desensitization.

practice thought stopping.

You secure a job as the executive director of a family counseling agency. As you go through your files you discover that five years before you took the job the agency selected 100 families and counseled them using a strict behaviorist model. The agency took the next group of 100 families and counseled them using Satir’s experiential conjoint family therapy model. Each family received 12 sessions of therapy and each family took a before and after assessment that accurately depicted how well the family was functioning. You decide to run a t test to examine whether or not a statistically significant difference is evident between the two approaches. This is

an ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) correlation study.

causal comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research.

a true experiment.

simple survey research.

causal comparative or ex post facto (i.e., after the fact) research.

All of the techniques listed below would be used by a behavioristic family therapist except:

Family sculpting.

A functional analysis of behavior followed by operant conditioning.

Modeling.

Chaining and extinction.

Family sculpting.

Which statement is true of families?

The divorce rate has decreased markedly in the last several years.

Remarriage today is uncommon.

Remarriage today is common.

The divorce rate in the United States hovers at about 10%.

Remarriage today is common.

Which statement is true?

Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.

Most persons who are divorced do not remarry.

Most persons who are divorced wait a minimum of five years to remarry.

Women remarry quickly, however, men do not.

Single life is short-lived for divorced persons. About 30% of all divorced persons are remarried within 12 months of being divorced.

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with

William Glasser.

Sigmund Freud.

Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker.

Nathan Ackerman

Nathan Ackerman

In psychoanalytic family therapy the word object means

a dream.

a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond.

transference.

countertransference.

a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond.

In psychoanalytic family therapy the term introjects really means that the client

unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves.

possesses internal verbalizations.

possesses a finite number of problem-solving options.

possesses the internal motivation to solve his or her own difficulties.

unconsciously internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of the objects within themselves.

Pick the best example(s) of the psychoanalytic concept of splitting.

A client who realistically perceives her therapist as a very empathic person.

A client who realistically perceives her therapist as only having good qualities.

A client who sees her therapist as all bad.

b and c.

b and c.

A 72-year-old woman you are counseling in a family reminds you of your mother and this is bringing up unresolved childhood issues for you as the counselor. This is an example of

positive transference.

negative transference.

countertransference.

ambivalent transference.

countertransference.

A family actually changes the structure of their family system. According to Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch the family has achieved

second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change.

first-order change that is more desirable than second-order change.

mediation.

a Greek chorus.

second-order change that is more desirable than first-order change.

A woman sees her husband as all good sometimes and all bad at others. An analytically trained family therapist who believes in object relations would see this as

ambivalent transference.

splitting.

persistent depressive disorder.

psychotic behavior.

splitting.

Nathan Ackerman is considered a famous psychoanalytic family therapist; so are

Carl Rogers and Albert Ellis.

Arnold Lazarus and Joseph Wolpe.

William Glasser and Robert Wubbolding.

James Framo and Robin Skynner.

James Framo and Robin Skynner.

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the ________

school of family counseling.

strategic

behavioral

psychodynamic

object relations

strategic

When Jay Haley began investigating psychotherapy he

was already trained as a Freudian analyst like so many other pioneers in the field.

was already trained as a behaviorist.

had studied REBT with Albert Ellis.

had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions.

had a degree in the arts and communication rather than the helping professions.

Jay Haley believes in giving clients directives. You are counseling a family and during the session the 14-year-old daughter exclaims that she is suicidal. The best example of a directive would be

you turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, “You seem to be saying that living is too painful.”

you turn to the 14-year-old daughter and say, “Could it be that you want to hurt yourself because your boyfriend no longer wishes to see you?”

you turn to the family and say, “If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family—including your daughter—to stay home and nobody leaves for the day.”

you turn to the family and say, “Could this be a family problem rather than a difficulty for your daughter?”

you turn to the family and say, “If your daughter threatens suicide this week I want the entire family—including your daughter—to stay home and nobody leaves for the day.”

Which of these responses is the best example of the double-bind concept used in Haley’s strategic therapy? You are trying to help a client stop smoking:

You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.

You recommend that the client chart the number of cigarettes she smokes.

You tell her to mentally visualize herself as a nonsmoker whenever she has the desire to smoke.

All of the above.

You hypnotize her and tell her she will never smoke another cigarette again. After you awaken her you admonish her to smoke as many cigarettes as she can for the first three days.

The directive or prescription given to the smoker in the previous question could best be described as

a paradoxical intervention.

a cognitive intervention.

an object relations intervention.

a behavioristic intervention.

a paradoxical intervention.

A couple tells a therapist using strategic family therapy that they have a quarrel at least once every evening. The therapist says, “Between now and the next time I see you I want you to have a serious. quarrel at least twice every evening.” This is an example of

relabeling, which is commonly used in this form of therapy.

reframing, which is commonly used in this form of therapy.

prescribing the symptom.

a directive that is not paradoxical or a double bind.

prescribing the symptom.

Strategic family counselors often rely on relabeling or reframing. A client says his girlfriend yells at him every time he engages in a certain behavior. The best example of reframing or relabeling would be

a counselor who remarks, “Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that.”

a counselor who remarks, “Can you tell me about it in the present moment, as if she is yelling at you this very minute?”

a counselor who remarks,“You are upset by her verbal assaults.”

a counselor who remarks, “Are you really hurt by your girlfriend’s remarks or is it the fact that you are telling yourself how catastrophic it is that she said these things?”

a counselor who remarks, “Research seems to show that when she yells at you it is because she loves you so much. A woman often feels foolish if she hugs or kisses you in a situation like that.”

In strategic family counseling the person with the power in the family

has the authority to make rules and enforce them.

is usually extremely aggressive.

is usually not willing to follow a family therapst’s prescriptions or directives.

is the one who talks the most.

has the authority to make rules and enforce them.

Psychoanalytic practitioners do not attack symptoms directly. Strategic therapy

does not attack the symptoms directly either.

is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms.

does not take a position on whether a counselor should attempt to ameliorate symptoms or not.

takes the position that if you can change each family member’s unconscious, then symptoms

will gradually disappear.

is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms.

Cloe Madanes insisted that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as

symptom substitution.

the perverse triangle.

incongruous hierarchy.

latency.

incongruous hierarchy.

Madanes advocated pretend techniques that are somewhat paradoxical. An example might be

a child who has panic attacks pretends he has a mental bullhorn in his head and shouts “stop.”

a child who has panic attacks pretends in his mind that a therapist is counseling him.

a child who has panic attacks pretends his dad is a therapist during the actual family therapy session.

a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

a child who has panic attacks pretends to have one during the session and the parents pretend to help him.

A strategic family therapist says to a family, “I don’t know what else you can do to stop the bickering and fighting in your house.” This is an example of

restraining

quid pro quo

pretending

interpretation

restraining

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic counselor remarks, “It is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it.” Her comment is an example of

a blatant ethical violation.

positioning.

cohesion.

behavioral disputation.

positioning.

A family counselor treats an Asian American family exactly like he treats the Arab American families in his caseload. He also imposes values from his own culture on them. This counselor has been described in the literature as

culturally sensitive.

lacking cultural sensitivity.

culturally encapsulated.

b and c.

b and c.

Which statement is true of African American families?

They are the largest minority in the United States.

Fewer African Americans are getting married.

African Americans are less likely to be concerned about gender roles (e.g., men and women can cook meals or work outside of the home).

b and c.

b and c.

When working with an African American family, the best approach would probably be

Bowen’s family therapy, Minuchin’s structural family therapy, or Haley’s strategic family therapy.

cognitive family therapy.

Ackerman’s psychoanalytic approach to family therapy.

a strict reality therapy approach based on the work of psychiatrist William Glasser.

Bowen’s family therapy, Minuchin’s structural family therapy, or Haley’s strategic family therapy.

When counseling Asian American families the best approach would most likely be

Ackerman’s psychoanalytic approach.

behavioral family therapy.

solution-focused/problem-focused modalities.

a, b, and c.

solution-focused/problem-focused modalities.

Which statement is true of Latino/a families?

They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees.

They have higher than average incomes but usually don’t finish high school or college.

They have college degrees, but still generally live in poverty.

They prefer long-term treatment in therapy.

They have a high unemployment rate, often live in poverty, and rarely earn high school diplomas or college degrees.

A model by Olson, Sprenkle, and Russell suggests that family functioning can be described in two dimensions—cohesion and adaptability. The family therapy terms cohesion refers to the level of emotional bonding between family members. Adaptability refers to

a family’s level of enmeshment or disengagement.

a family’s ability to adapt to the therapist’s personality.

a family’s ability to adapt to the theoretical persuasion of the therapist.

how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is.

how rigid, structured, flexible, or chaotic the family is.

Which statement is true regarding Native American families?

They are a very diverse group as they belong to over 550 state-recognized tribes, with over 220 in Alaska.

Extended family and the tribe are very significant.

A high percentage of children have been placed in foster care homes, residential facilities, or adoption homes that are non-Native American.

All of the above are true.

All of the above are true.

The statement “Native Americans, also called American Indians in some of the literature, have problem with alcoholism and suicide” is

false.

true as far as alcoholism is concerned, however, false where suicide is concerned.

true

true regarding the suicide rate, however, false regarding their use of alcoholic beverages.

true

Murray Bowen is known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means

that most people have three ego states (i.e., the parent, the adult, and the child) in their personality.

that most people have a personality structure composed of the id, the ego, and the superego.

when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict.

therapy has three distinct phases.

when a dyad (i.e., two individuals) is under stress a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad This could even be a child placed in the middle of the conflict.

One of the primary goals of Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is

the extent that one can separate one’s intellect from one’s emotional self.

the extent that one is different from one’s peers.

the extent that one is different from one’s childhood.

the same as fusion.

the extent that one can separate one’s intellect from one’s emotional self.

Bowen popularized a three-generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as

.

an histogram.

a sociogram.

a genogram.

family sculpting.

a genogram.

An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the nuclear family emotional system. She is referring to

the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead.

the fact that a genogram should depict a single generation.

the fact that emotional discord is a function of the unconscious mind.

the miracle question.

the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead.

Albert Ellis is to REBT as Salvador Minuchin is to

the MRI model.

structural family therapy.

intergenerational family counseling.

behavioral family counseling.

structural family therapy.

An important technique in structural family therapy is joining. Which statement most accurately depicts this intervention?

The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns.

The therapist is professional but distant.

The therapist joins the family and sympathizes with their difficulties.

Joining is used during the final session of therapy.

The therapist meets, greets, and attempts to bond with the family. The therapist will use language similar to that of the family and mimesis which means that he or she will mimic communication patterns.

A family is structural family therapist because there is a huge argument every time the subject of the 16-year-old daughter’s boyfriend comes up. The therapist says, “Okay, I want you to play like you are at home and act out precisely what transpires when the subject of your daughter’s boyfriend is mentioned.” The structural family therapist is using a technique called

joining

reframing

enactment

cognitive disputation

enactment

When a structural therapist uses the term boundaries he or she really means

the limits of the human mind.

the limits of behavior in the family.

the separation of the family members from their family of origin.

the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.

the physical and psychological entities that separate individuals and subsystems from others in the family.

In Minuchin’s structural approach, clear boundaries are

pathological

rigid

also called diffuse boundaries

ideal—firm yet flexible

ideal—firm yet flexible

A woman is having difficulties at her place of employment. Her husband turns to her in a session and says, “You’re on your own, I’ve got my own problems.” A structural family therapist would assert that the boundaries between this couple are

rigid

clear

diffuse

a combination of a and c

rigid

A mother insists on accompanying her 20-year-old daughter on a date. A structural therapist would assume that the family

has clear boundaries.

has rigid boundaries.

has diffuse boundaries.

supports individuation.

has diffuse boundaries.

Minuchin would often mimic the family’s style. This is known as

cognitive disputation

the structural map

permeable boundaries

none of the above

none of the above

Ackerman is psychodynamic. Haley is strategic. Minuchin is structural. Bowen is intergenerational. Another well-known intergenerational family therapist would be

Alfred adler

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge)

Andrew salter

Mara selvini-palazzoli

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy (enunciated Naahge)

A family member who is emotionally distant is

disengaged.

enmeshed.

an example of equifinality.

a placater.

disengaged.

During the course of a family session you discover that the man and his 14-year-old son are putting pressure on mom to quit her job. Mom very much likes her work. In Haleys theory this set of dynamics would be called

reframing.

equifinality.

the perverse triangle.

paradox.

the perverse triangle.

________ was a pioneer in the early history of family therapy.

Carl Jung

David Wechsler

Alfred Adler

Franz Anton Mesmer

Alfred Adler

Which therapist could best be described as atheoretical?

Jay Haley.

Carl Whitaker.

Alfred Adler.

Nathan Ackerman.

Carl Whitaker.

Solution-oriented therapy as practiced by William O’Hanlon, Insoo Kim Berg, Steve de Shazer, and Michelle Weiner Davis focuses primarily on

the past

the present

the future

dream analysis

the future

Narrative therapy (NT), which highlights stories in counseling, is associated with the work of

William O’Hanlon

William Glasser

Milton H. Erickson

Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston

Michael White, his wife Cheryl White, and David Epston

Postmodernist Tom Anderson, a psychiatrist from Norway, became disenchanted with traditional family therapy. He began using a radical approach based primarily on

a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team.

three therapists.

the gestalt empty chair technique.

homework assignments.

a one-way mirror and a reflecting treatment team.

Feminist therapy criticizes traditional therapies

because they are androcentric (i.e., they use male views to analyze the personality).

because they are gendercentric (i.e., they assume that there are two separate psychological developmental patterns—one for men and one for women).

because they emphasize heterosexism and debase same-sex relationships.

all of the above.

all of the above.

The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazers brief solution-focused therapy (BSFT) indicates

a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems.

a technique where the client goes home to see his or her family of origin.

a technique that works for one specific problem, but usually will not work with other difficulties.

a technique in which the therapist hands the client or clients a sheet of paper with a compliment on it.

a standard or stock intervention that will work for numerous problems.

One criticism of using cognitive-behavioral methods like REBT with families or individuals in multicultural counseling would be

that the theory is not intended to be used with diverse populations.

the theory suggests that the therapist must have ethnic or racial ties with the client in order for efficacious treatment to occur.

that it ignores present moment problems.

that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.

that the cognitive disputation could go against cultural messages.

Most experts predict that in the twenty-first century, theories of counseling and psychotherapy will

become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic.

become more behavioristic, since this is the approach that uses statistical outcomes.

become more Rogerian, since the world as a whole is becoming more humanistic.

not tolerate eclecticism, since it is not scientific.

become more integrative, since about 30-50% of all therapists say they are eclectic.

Pick the most accurate statement.

Brief solution-oriented therapy requires the use of a one-way mirror with a treatment team behind the mirror.

Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize a treatment team behind a one-way mirror.

Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

Brief solution-oriented therapy does not utilize paradoxical interventions.

Brief solution-oriented therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one-way mirror, nevertheless, it is not required.

A researcher takes a group of clients and gives them a depression inventory. He then provides each client with two sessions of brief solution-oriented therapy and gives them the same depression inventory. A t test is used to compare the two sets of scores on the same people (i.e., the before and after measures of depression). This would be

a between-groups design.

a correlation coefficient.

a related measures within-subject design.

survey research.

a related measures within-subject design.

A question on the NCE or CPCE regarding a pre-experimental design uses the letters XO. The letters stand for

treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O).

the mean (X) and no treatment was given (O).

the median (X) and other group (O).

treatment (X) and the number of observations taken (O).

treatment (X) and observation, measurement, or score (O).

Another type of pre-experimental design is the one-group only posttest design. This is best depicted by

OXO.

XO.

OX.

XX.

XO.

A time-series design is a quasi-experimental design

that utilizes two randomly chosen groups; a control group and an experimental group.

without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs.

a and b.

is not depicted by any of the answers above.

without randomly chosen control and experimental groups, which relies on multiple observations of the dependent variable (i.e., the thing you are measuring) before and after the treatment occurs.

The Solomon four-group is considered a true experimental design since each group is chosen via a random sample. When using this design

all groups receive a pretest.

there is no pretest.

one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.

there is no posttest.

one control group receives a pretest and one experimental group receives a pretest; the other control group and experimental group do not.

John Gottman is known for

setting the level for intoxication driving while under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI) at .08 or higher in most states.

creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce.

demonstrating that physical biomarkers of older adults can be reversed if they are placed in an

environment from the past and told to act like they are living in the past.

popularizing the notion of propinquity.

creating a paradigm to predict which marriages would likely end in divorce.

The newest career theory would be

constructivist and cognitive approaches.

the trait-and-factor approach.

the developmental and psychoanalytic approaches.

the transactional analysis approach.

constructivist and cognitive approaches.

A popular TWA career counseling model by Rene V. Dawis and Lloyd Lofquist uses the abbreviation PEC. This stands for

person emotion consequence

person education consequence

person environment correspondence

person environment consequence

person environment correspondence

Most experts believe that the number of multigenerational families with a child, a parent, and a grandparent living together will

decrease.

increase.

remain static.

will continue to go up and down on a fairly regular basis.

increase.

A researcher wants to prove that structural family therapy is the most effective modality. She conducted a study a year ago using a significance level of .05. Several colleagues felt her significance level needed to come down. She thus ran the same basic experiment again with new people using a significance level of .01. Her chances of making a Type I error or so-called alpha error reduced. Now assume you compare her new research to her old research. What could you say about the possibility that her results will indicate that structural family therapy was not significantly different when in reality it truly is significant?

Statistically, nothing.

The chance of this occurring will go down when compared to the first experiment.

The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment.

It would totally depend on the sample size.

The chance of this occurring increases when compared to the first experiment.

A question on your comprehensive exam asks you to compute the coefficient of determination. You are given a correlation coefficient of .70. How would you mathematically accomplish this task?

You would subtract .70 from a perfect correlation of 1.00.

You would multiply the mean of the population by .70.

You would add .70 to a perfect correlation of 1.00.

You would square the .70.

You would square the .70.

A correlation coefficient between variables X and Y is .60. If we square this figure we now have the coefficient of determination or true common variance of 36%. What is the coefficient of nondetermination that shows unique rather than common variance?

There is no such concept.

You would subtract 36 from 100.

It would still be 36%.

It would be 64%.

It would be 64%.

John Krumboltz proposes a ________ model of career development.

social learning behavioristic

trait-and-factor

developmental

psychoanalytic

social learning behavioristic

Krumboltz’s social learning theory is sometimes referred to as a cognitive theory because it emphasizes beliefs that clients have about themselves as well as the world of work. When Krumboltz speaks of self-observation generalizations he really means

generalizations regarding a given occupation and how successful the client would be in the occupation.

Pavlov’s principle of stimulus generalization.

Skinner’s principle of operant conditioning.

in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation.

in career counseling your primary concern is the manner in which people view themselves and their ability to perform in an occupation.

SCCT stands for

social cognitive career theory.

social cognitive family therapy.

self-control career theory.

self-contained career therapy.

social cognitive career theory.

Career counselors refer to job shadowing and volunteering as ________ activities, while reading the job hunting book what color is your parachute? is ______.

noninteractive; interactive

interactive; noninteractive

interactive; interactive

noninteractive; noninteractive

interactive; noninteractive