Preliminary Exam

It is a pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to a person’s behavior.

Personality

A scientific theory is a set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.

Theory

How Psychological Theories are evaluated?

Generate Research, Falsifiability, Organizes Data, Practicability, Internal Consistency, Parsimonious

Dimension for a Concept of Humanity

Determinism vs Free Choice, Pessimism vs Optimism, Causality vs Teleology, Conscious vs Unconscious, Biological vs Social, Uniqueness vs Similarity

Psychoanalytic Theory

Sigmund Freud

Levels of Mental Life

Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

mental life that is directly available, plays a minor role

Conscious

not in conscious awareness, but can be

Preconscious

beyond awareness as it includes drives, urges or instincts

Unconscious

Two sources of unconscious processes

Repression, Phylogenetic

The Provinces of Mind

ID, Ego, Superego

mental life that is directly available, plays a minor role

Conscious

not in conscious awareness, but can be

Preconscious

beyond awareness as it includes drives, urges or instincts

Unconscious

Two sources of unconscious processes

Repression, Phylogenetic

The Provinces of Mind

ID, Ego, Superego

The Pleasure Principle. Primary process of psychic energy

ID

The Reality Principle .Secondary Process

Ego

The idealistic Principle .Conscience (Punishments). Ego-ideal (rewards and models)

Superego

Dynamics of Personality

Drives, Anxiety

Drives of Personality

Libido or Sex Drive, Thanatos

aim is pleasure but not limited to genitals.

Libido or Sex Drive

inflict injury on others and on self (unconscious wish to die)

Thanatos or Aggression/Destructive Drive

Apprehension about unknown danger, bec of previous unconscious experience with parents who are hostile, punitive.

Neurotic Anxiety

similar to guilt and results from the ego’s relation with the superego.

Moral Anxiety

similar to fear produced by the ego’s relation with the real world.

Realistic Anxiety

involves blocking external events from the awareness.

Denial

most basic defense (aka motivated forgetting

Repression

permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier stage of development.

Fixation

Another term is Displacement Outward. To see your own unacceptable desires to others.

Projection

symbolic substitute of one’s emotional reaction from one object to another

Displacement

involves expressing the opposite of their true feelings

Reaction Formation

Another term is Displacement Inward. Taking into account your own characteristics.

Introjection

to return to an earlier developmental stage

Regression

making up acceptable excuse for unacceptable behavior.

Rationalization

transforming an unacceptable impulse in a productive way.

Sublimation

a baby’s libido, or innate pleasure-seeking energy is focused on the mouth.

Oral Stage

The libido becomes focused on the anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating

Anal Stage

This period is marked by the child’s libido (or desire) focusing on their genitals as the primary source of pleasure.

Phallic Stage

arises because the boy develops (pleasurable) desires for his mother.

Oedipus Complex

girl unconsciously cultivates an attraction towards her father.

Electra Complex

The Libido is dormant during this stage, and no further psychosexual development occurs (latent means hidden)

Latency Stage

According to Freud, unresolved conflicts or issues during this stage can lead to problems later on, such as difficulty expressing emotions or forming healthy relationships.

Genital Stage

Individual Psychology

Alfred Adler

Starts on physical deficiencies. Striving and Creative Power.

First Tenet: Striving For Success or Superiority

Fictionalism and Final goal (which is a fiction, no objective existence). All humans born physically inferior , Serve as an impetus toward perfection

Second Tenet: Subjective Perceptions

Organ Dialect , Conscious and unconscious

Third Tenet: Unity of Personality

Social interest; A force that binds society together. “The sole criterion of human values” and the “barometer of normality”

Fourth Tenet: Viewpoint of Social Interest

It is the term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life. Includes personal goal, self-concept, empathy, and attitude toward world. Product of heredity, environment, and creative power. Healthy individuals express this through actions and struggle to solve problems of neighborly love, sexual love, and occupation.

Fifth Tenet: Style of Life

Creative power is Adler’s term for an inner freedom that empowers each person to create his or her own style of life. Importance is not endowment but how one uses this power

Sixth Tenet: Creative Power