SPA 223 Key Terms!

Code

A series of symbols each with there own meanings

Symbol

something that stands for something else

Referent

The thing that a symbol represents

Arbitrariness

Thers no relationship between the symbol and what it represents

Iconicity

There is a relationship between the symbol and what it represents ( iconic signs, onomatoepias)

Conventionality

language is shared / the norm

Implicit Knowledge

Things you dont have to be taught

Descriptive rules

How people actually use language, even if it technically isnt correct (Saying gonna)

prescriptive rules

How people are supposed to use language

Linguistic Community

A group of people who share a language

Morpheme

Smallest part of a word that holds meaning

Communication

overall exchange of information. Can be human or not human.

Language

system of rules and symbols used to communicate. Created in the human brain and has special characteristics.

Speech

physical act of producing spoken sounds using voice and mouth

Language and speech are

Independent process. Ex: Language with no speech (ASL, AAC, nonverbal), or Speech with no language (parrot imitates but doesn’t understand).

Component 1 of communication

Sender- Formulates and transmits message

Component 2 of communication

Reciever- recieves and comprehends message (doesn’t have to respond to recieve)

Component 3 of communication

Shared symbolic system- Message can be interpreted

Feedback

information provided by the receiver to the sender to facilitate communication and prevent breakdown.

Linguistic feedback

Speaking (“right”, “okay”)

Nonlinguistic / extralinguistic feedback

eyecontact, facial expression, posture, proximity

Paralinguistic feedback

Us of pitch, loudness, and pausing. Conveyed with language.

4 steps of communication

1) Formulation- generating thoughts in the brain. 2) Transmission- Conveying thoughts through speaking/ writing/ sign. 3) Reception- Reicieving thoughts through ears/ eyes. 4) Comprehension: Brain making sense of message

Pre intentional Communication

Communication without mean to send a specific message- crying.

Intentional/ iconic communication

deliberately doing something to send a message- pointing.

Symbolic or referential communication

words or signs (around 1 year)

Speech is

one way of conveying language, and a neuromuscular behavior.

Respiration

Air moving from the lungs up toward the trachea

Phonation

Air moves from trachea to vocal folds which vibrate making sound.

Resonation

sound travels to oral/ nasal cavities, affecting quality of voice.

Articulation

Tongue, lips, teeth, and jaw shape sound into specific speech sound.

language being productive means that

it evolves over time