SBI3U- Diversity of Living Things

Biology unit review for diversity of living things

Taxonomy

Science of naming, identifying and classifying species.

It is used to determine relationships between organisms.

Aristotle (Greek, ~2000 years ago)

Put all living things into two Kingdoms:

Plantae (divided by size and structure)

Animalia (divided by where they lived)

Kingdom monera

Kingdom Monera should be separated into two distinct Kingdoms:

Carl Woese (American,1977) -

Eubacteria & Archaebacteria

Six Kingdoms of life

Plantae (plants)

Animalia (animals)

Protista (amoeba, algae, etc.)

Fungi (mushrooms, mold, etc.)

Archeabacteria (specialized bacteria)

Eubacteria (common bacteria)

Carl Linnaeus

Father of Modern Taxonomy

Developed an intensive seven-level classification system to organize living things.

He sorted organisms by their physical traits.

He used the Latin language for naming organisms.

Levels of classification

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Domain

Carl Woese argued that there should be a level of taxonomy called a Domain that precedes the Kingdom name.

Prokaryotes:

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Eukaryotes:

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi

Three Domains of life were officially designated and added above Kingdom in the taxonomic hierarchy.

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Prokaryotes VS. Eukaryotes

Characteristics

Prokaryotes

• DNA not in nucleus

• Unicellular

• Limited

• Reproduce by binary fusion and conjugation

& not membrane bound

Eukaryotes:

• DNA in nucleus

• Mostly multicellular

• Reproduce by mitosis and meiosis

• Numerous and membrane bound

Eight levels of human classification

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Primates

Hominid

Homo

sapien

Subphylum and infraclass for humans

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

VERTEBRATA

Mammalia

PLACENTAL

Primates

Hominid

Homo

sapien

Binomial nomenclature

Typically, only the last two levels of taxonomy (genus and species) are used for naming organisms in common conversation or writing.

This is called the binomial nomenclature system.

The genus is capitalized but the species is lowercase.

Both the genus and species must be italicized.

Underlined separately if written by hand

Phylogenetic tree

A diagram that reflects the evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Cladogram

A diagram that shows the relationship between different organisms based on morphological structures.

Dichotomous key

A diagram constructed using TWO contrasting traits to continuously sub-divide a group of organisms.

The purpose is to uniquely identify an organism.

Asks a series of questions that can only be answered in one of two ways

Animal characteristics

• Eukaryotic.

• Multicellular.

• Lack cell walls.

• Heterotrophs

• Motile at some point in their life cycle.

• Diffusion of CO2 and O2 in and out of system.

• Require water for survival.

Phylum

There are 35 different animal phyla