unit 5: urinalysis

1. What is the main function of the urinary system?

Remove waste from the body

2. What organs are involved in the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

3. What shape are dog/cat's kidneys?

Smooth, bean-shaped

4. What shape are a horse's kidneys?

The right kidney is heart shaped

5. What are the purpose of the ureters?

transport urine from kidneys to urinary
bladder

6. What is the urinary bladder lined with?

Epithelial cells

7. What are the characteristics of a female Urethra?

Short, fairly straight, wide,
strictly urine function

8. What are some characteristics of a male urethra?

Relatively long, curved,
narrow, and is part of the urinary and reproductive systems

9. What 2 hormones are related to the production of urine?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - pituitary gland

Aldosterone - adrenal cortex

10. What is oliguria?

decreased urine production

11. What is Polyuria?

Increased urine production

12. What is Anuria?

No urine production

13. What is pollakiuria?

frequent urination

14. What are some collection methods for urine?

Bladder expression, Catheterization, cystocentesis, Void sample

15. When is it best to collect a sample?

In the morning or after several hours of
water deprivation

16. Is a void sample a good method?

It's the easiest method but has limited
diagnostic value. The distal genital tract can contaminate it

17. Is bladder expression a good method?

It is not useful in bacteria culturing,
must be gentle, and should never be done with obstructed urethras.

18. Is catheterization a good method?

Avoid the first portion of collected urine,
which may have increased RBCs and epithelial cells due to trauma to the bladder,
but it is a sterile sample!

19. Is a cystocentesis a good method?

The sample is sterile, can be done on
calm patients, and may have RBCs present due to the use of a needle.

20. What two sample collection methods are considered sterile?

Catheterization and Cystocentesis

21. When should you analyze a urine sample?

Why?

within 30 mins- 1 hour

crystals form when urine cools

22. What happens to urine when left out?

Crystals form when cooled,

increased

pH, bacteria growth,

breakdown of RBCs, and

casts.

23. What factors affect Urine volume?

Fluid intake, temperature, humidity, exter-
nal losses, type/amount of food, type/size of animal, activity level

24. What may cause Polyuria?

Nephritis, diabetes mellitus and insipidis, Pyome-
tra, and liver disease

25. What may cause Oliguria?

Restricted water access, environmental increase
temperature, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, dehydration.

26. What may cause Anuria?

Urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal
shutdown

27. What is specific gravity?

Weight (density) of a liquid compared with that of an
equal amount of distilled water.

28. How would you read 1.008, 1.010, and 1.012 on a refractometer?

-10 08,10 10, 10 12

physical properties of urine

volume

color

odor

transparency

specific gravity

29. what is Isothenuria?

When the USG approaches that of the glomerular filtrate
(1.008 - 1.012)

30. What does Isothenuria mean?

It means the kidneys aren't able to concen-
trate/dilute the urine. may hint at chronic kidney disease.

31. What are the three things necessary to have a complete urinalysis?

Physical evaluation, Chemical evaluation, and microscopic evaluation

32. If a P.H is above 7.0, what is it?

Alkline

33. If a p.H is below 7.0, what is it?

Acidic

34. What is Glycosuria/Glucosuria?

Presence of glucose in urine

35. What is Ketonuria?

Presence of Ketones in urine

36. What is Hematuria?

presence of intact rbcs in urine

darker yellow = more concentrated urine

higher specific gravity

lighter color = less concentrated urine

lower specific gravity

37. What is Hemoglobinuria?

presence of free hemoglobins in urine

because of muscle cell lysis

equine normally cloud and rabbits and guinea pigs normally milky

high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus

39. What are leukocytes?

white blood cells

40. What can you find in the sediment of a urine sample?

Epithelial cells, mucus
threads, RBCs/WBCs, Hayaline Casts, and crystals

41. What are the settings for the centrifuge for a urine sample at school?

5 MIN @ 2500 RPMs

excessive amounts of protein can cause

acute and chronic renal disease

glycosuria - presence of glucose

indicative of diabetes mellitus

42. What do intact RBCs look like?

Simple bright red typical cell

43. What do Ghost RBCs look like?

Faded red blood cell

44. What does a crenated rbc look like

Sharp projections on rbcs

45. What does a renal epithelial cell look like?

small pancakes

46. What does a squamous epithelial cell look like?

where are they derived?

a couple pancakes together

derived from the distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce

47. what does a Transitional epithelial cells look like?

where are they derived?

SMALLER THAN SQUAMOUS

from bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, proximal urethra

48. What does a Caudate epithelial cell look like?

Has a point/tail

49. What does wbcs look like?

have little beans in them

renal epithelial cells

originate in renal tubules

50. What do yeast cells look like?

snowman

52. What does an increased amount of epithelial cells mean?

Inflammation

53. What are some types of casts?

Hyaline, epithelial, cellular, granular, waxy, fatty, and mixed casts

54. Characteristics of Hyaline casts

Clear, colorless, composed of mainly protein,
effusion, exercise, and general anesthesia

55. Characteristics of Granular casts

Most commonly seen, look like hyaline
casts with granules, and are usually seen with acute nephritis

bacteria can proliferate if

left standing in room temperature

56. Characteristics of epithelial casts

consists of epi. cells from renal tubules
embedded in hyaline matrix. Can be seen in acute nephritis and degeneration of
the renal tubules

57. Characteristics of Leukocyte casts

Contain WBCs (mostly neutrophils), and
are seen in inflammation of renal tubules

58. Characteristics of erythrocyte casts

are a deep yellow-orange, contain
RBCs, and indicate renal bleeding

59. Characteristics of Waxy Casts

Wider with square ends, dull, homogenous,
and a waxy appearance.

60. Characteristics Of fatty casts

Contain droplets of fat, seen in cats with renal
disease and dogs with diabetes mellitus

61. What does Crystalluria mean?

presence of crystals in urine

62. What factors do crystals depend on?

Urine pH, Concentration, temp., ele-
ments

63. How do report crystals?

as occasional, moderate, many, or 1+ or 4+

64. What are Struvites?

The most common crystal is seen. A.K.A. Triple Phos-
phate crystal. Found in alkaline to slightly acidic urine.
It is an eight-sided prism with tapered edges.

65. What are the two groups of Calcium Oxalate crystals?

Dihydrate and Monohydrate

66. Characteristics of Dihydrate Calcium Oxalate?

Small square with an X in the
middle. Found in acidic to neutral urine, common in small dogs, horses, and rabbits.

67. Characteristics of Monohydrate Calcium Oxalate?

Small dumbbell shape,
and are from Ethylene Glycol posioning

68. What are uric acid crystals

Variety of shapes but mainly diamonds, can be
yellow-yellow/brown, and are not common in dogs/cats except Dalmatians.

69. What are Amorphous Crystaline material?

Common in alkaline urine, and
has a granular precipitate look

70. What are the two types of Amorphous Crystaline?

Amorphous Urates

71. What are Calcium Carbonates?

Common in horses and rabbits, they are
round with lines radiating from the center, and have no clinical significance

72. What is ammonium Biurate?

seen in slightly acidic, neutral, or slightly alkaline
urine. They are brown with irregular spicules. Common in animals with severe liver
disease

73. What are sulfonamides?

Seen in animals treated with sulfonamide drugs.
They are round, dark, with a radiating center.

77. What are some microbes we can see in urine?

Bacteria, yeast, and fungi

78. What are some parasites of urinary tact?

Pearsonema Plica- Canine Bladder
worm
Dictophyma Renale- Giant canine kidney worm
Dirofilaria Immitis- Heartworm

79. What are Mucus threads?

are confused with casts, are twisted ribbon-like, and
indicate contamination with genital secretions

80. What are Calculi?

Stones

81. What does Urolithiasis mean?

presence of stone

urate uroliths = Dalmatians

Dalmatians are predisposed to developing urate stones, also known as urate urolithiasis, due to a genetic condition called hyperuricosuria