University of Iowa - Human Physiology - Exam One | Quizlet

Epithelial

Glands are derived from what type of tissue?

Connective

The cell types blood, bone, and fat, would be categorized into which of the following major cell classes?

Interstitial fluid and plasma

Extracellular fluid is composed of

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called

False

True/False? The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback

Cell

The smallest functional unit in the human body, from a physiological perspective is the

Cells, tissues, organs, organs systems, organism

What is the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?

Positive feedback

A virus enters the body, and it activates immune cells. These immune cells release chemical messengers that activate more immune cells. This type of response would be characterized as

Physiology

Study of functions of living things

Mechanisms (Why is a particular function being performed and how is it performed)

Physiology emphasizes

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body

Relatively stable

Kept in a narrow range for optimal function

Examples of variables

Blood pressure, blood gas levels, blood glucose, body ph, temperature

Sensor, integrating center, effector

Three components of reflex pathways

Negative feedback and positive feedback

Reflex pathways can be arranged to create 2 different types of feedback loops

Negative feedback

Change in a condition away from setpoint leads to a response which counteracts that change

Positive feedback

Change in a condition away from setpoint leads to a response which amplifies that change

Antagonistic effectors

Homeostasis is often maintained by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions

Intrinsically (local response)

Cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond appropriately

Extrinsically (global response)

Outside of the organ (examples - endocrine and nervous system)

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function of living things

Tissue

Group of similar cells that perform a similar function

Organ

Group of two or more tissues

Organ system

Group of organs that work together to perform related functions

Organism

Systems working together in coordination

Muscle

Nervous

Epithelial

Connective

Four major categories of tissues

Muscle

Tissue designed for contraction

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle

Striated appearance, multiple nuclei, under voluntary control

Smooth muscle

No striations, involuntary control

Cardiac muscle

Found in heart, striated, involuntary control

Nervous

Tissue made of cells designed to receive and transmit information. Regulates and integrates various physiological responses

Neurons and neuroglia

Types of nervous tissue

Neurons

High speed communication via electrical signals

Neuroglia

Function in support of neurons

Epithelial

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines organs and tracts

Connective

Tissue that functions in connection, structure, support, transportation

Adipose

Cartilage

Blood-liquid matrix

Bone

Types of specialized connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Large cells and most of interior occupied by a droplet of triglycerides

Cartilage

Cells found in small cavities (lacunae) in the matrix

11

How many organ systems does the human body have?

Stem cells

Highly specialized; undifferentiated cells

Totipotent

Pluripotent

Multipotent

Types of stem cells

Totipotent

Stem cells from the embryo. Can form any tissue in the body or placenta

Pluripotent

Stem cells from the embryo. Can become any cell

Multipotent

Adult stem cells. Can't be come everything, but can become many things

20%

How much plasma is in ECF

80%

How much interstitial fluid is in ECF

60%

Humans are _____ H2O

Intracellular

Area inside the cells

Extracellular

Area outside the cells

Atom

Smallest unit of an element

Protons, neutrons, and electrons

Three basic parts of an atom

Protons

Positively charged particle of an atom

Neutrons

Neutrally charged particle of an atom

Protons

Determines the atomic number

Electrons

Negatively charge particles, circulating around the nucleus

Electrons

High energy, (almost) zero mass

Neutrons

Add atomic weight but don't influence charge

Electrons

Revolve around the nucleus in energy levels called shells

Valence

Outermost shell

Valence electrons

Electrons in the outer shell

Electrons

Fill shell from inside to outside

Valence electrons

Participate in chemicals

Valence electrons

Atoms most stable when the outermost shell is full

Chemicals bonds

Interactions of valence electrons that hold atoms together

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Types of chemical bonds

Molecules

Two or more atoms bound together by chemicals

Covalent bonds

Strongest chemical bond (in the body)

Covalent bonds

Two or more atoms share pairs of valence electrons (in order to fill up outer circle)

Nonpolar covalent bond and polar covalent bond

Types of covalent bonds

Nonpolar covalent bond

Atoms share electrons equally (tends to be lots of carbons and hydrogens)

Polar covalent bond

Unequal sharing of electrons and unequal charge between different regions of the molecule

Ionic bond

One atom gives electrons to another so that both have filled valence shells

Generate ions

Atoms or molecules with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

Cation

Positively charged ion

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Ionic bond

Strong electrostatic extraction between oppositely charged ions

Hydrogen bonds

Weak attraction between polar molecules (the - end of one polar molecule is attracted to the + end of another polar molecule)

Hydrogen bonds

Responsible for water surface tension, water capillary action, shape of proteins, DNA structure

Water

Polar molecule, good solvent, can form hydrogen bonds

Hydrophilic

Substances that dissolve in water

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not dissolve in water

Acids

Some solutes release H+ when mixed with water, acidic solution

Bases

Some some solutes bind H+ when mixed with water, alkaline

Buffer

Combination of weak acid and base

pH

Quantify acidity of alkalinity of a solution

7

Neutral pH

Macromolecules

Very large molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Classifications of macromolecules

Carbohydrates

Sugars and starches

Carbohydrates

Molecules the contain hydrogen carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen 1:2:1 ratio

Carbohydrates

Major source of energy in the body

Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharides

Classifications of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Basic unit, one carbon ring

Monosaccharides

glucose, lactose, fructose

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Disaccharides

Sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides

Polymer of glucose; glycogen, starch, fiber

Glycogen

Polysaccharides found in the body and animals