Psych 110 final

Self-reports

Because the questions participants are asked may reveal the variables being measured.

Spaced practice

It allows more time for consolidation.

Pre-registration in research methods

Publishing your design before collecting data.

Learning Styles (LS)

Logan and Sandra would score similarly on the test because LS’s don’t affect performance.

Overconfidence effect

Trenton feels assured he knows everything the quiz could ask him, but still struggles to remember some concepts.

Demand characteristics

The risk posed by a study design where participants may answer based on cues rather than true feelings.

Teaching a friend

An example of a study strategy using the method of generation.

Risk/benefit ratio

The most important ethical practice when conducting research with participants who may wear uncomfortable devices.

Random assignment

Grouping participants so everyone has an equal chance at receiving the real drug or the placebo.

Correlational

Research finds that the more frequently you brush your teeth, the less likely you are to develop cavities that need fillings.

Sexual selection trait

Display feature; the male birds demonstrate health and ability.

Adaptation

The evolutionary mechanism that occurs when two species are separated in different environments.

Evolutionary fitness

Goat B has a higher evolutionary fitness due to better reproductive success.

Flight

A human's survival reaction when perceiving danger.

Sexual selection clues

Males and females have similar colors in December but different colors in June.

Evolutionary psychologists

They study how behavior is impacted by genetics.

Indicating health

A similarity between peacocks and bucks regarding the contributions to their fitness.

Fruit flies

Investigated for their frequent generation cycles, allowing observation of adaptations.

Adaptations

A common problem in evolution studies as they can take many generations to be observable.

Mate preferences

Implied by the results of Wedekind and colleagues (1995) in evolutionary theory.

EPSP

An example of an event that raises the membrane potential of a neuron.

Amygdala

The brain structure primarily influencing fear-related behaviors.

Neurons firing frequency

Conclusion drawn from observing participant responses to increased stimulus intensity.

Unusual brains

The type of brains researchers focus on for their post mortem discussions.

ERP vs EEG

Only ERP presents the same stimulus repeatedly to remove background electrical noise.

Medulla function

Controls heart rate.

Hypothalamus

Regulates body rhythms such as sleep and temperature.

Nicotine

A substance chemically similar to acetylcholine.

Temporal lobe function

Facial recognition.

Integration Phase

The phase where effects on the postsynaptic neuron are summed in the cell body.

Ambivalent attachment

Describes a baby's reaction to a mother who leaves and returns.

Secondary circular action

Throwing a toy across the room.

Piaget’s concept of assimilation

A child shouts “Daddy” every time they see an adult man.

Fine motor skills in infants

The researcher would be most interested in the infant grasping a pen.

Vygotsky's assistance

An adult should only help the child if they come across a word they don’t understand.

Harry Harlow's research

Showed that comforting touch is critical to infant development.

Cross-sectional studies disadvantage

Age differences may elicit varying responses over time.

Sensory development in infants

Infants are born with good hearing and poor vision.

Music effect on gait

Listening to music while walking improves movement beyond just practice.

Bottom-up processing

A person says their coffee is very hot after taking a sip.

Color blindness

Johnathon likely has a defect in the cones of his eye anatomy.

Perceptual set

The difference between your description and your friend's despite seeing the same image.

Difference threshold

Determined as a difference of 2 levels in perceived volume.

Perceptual constancy example

Color constancy: perceiving bananas as yellow under different lighting.

Psychological perception of height in sound waves

Loudness.

Pain management without transmission change

Distraction.

Psychological perception of time in sound waves

Pitch.

Touch perception location

Activation of cranial nerves indicates you're being touched above the neck.

Movement neuron sensitivity

Direction-specific neurons become less sensitive with prolonged stimulus exposure.

Recall vs recognition test difference

Only recall tests require production of encoded information without cues.

Multi-store model of memory

Information must pass through sensory memory and short-term memory before long-term memory.

Elaborative rehearsal

Linking new information with existing knowledge and meaning.

Chunking

Breaking down a list of numbers into smaller groups.

Schema

A way to organize concepts about the world.

Example of Semantic Memory

Remembering there are 50 states.

Study technique for body-related vocabulary

Chunking.

Childhood home address recall

Semantic memory.

Memory type for quiz sensation recall

Semantic.

Working memory example

Holding friends' names in mind while typing them into a group assignment.

Social Psychology

The branch of psychology that deals with social interactions and their effects on behavior.

Gender role socialization

Explains Janice's confusion about needing long hair to be a woman.

Follicular phase indication

Jan, who is feeling social and energetic.

Misattribution of arousal in scenarios

A haunted house can enhance attractiveness perception.

Sexual behavior brain stimulation

Hypothalamus.

Biological characteristic definition

Sex.

Homosexuality classification change

Initially classified as a personality disorder.

Maternal characteristics attraction

Example of a trait attractive only to masculine identities.

Alloparenting Hypothesis support

Homosexuality does not enhance direct fitness.

No sexual attraction definition

Asexual.

Behavior before puberty

Curiosity-driven self-stimulating behavior.

James's learning example

Social learning by imitating his father's handyman work.

Poker behavior learning

Demonstrates sensitization through noticing a friend's behavior.

Law of Effect definition

Behaviors leading to positive outcomes are reinforced.

Little Albert experiment

Demonstrates generalization of fear to similar objects.

Classical Conditioning example

Associating stress with a specific song from a study playlist.

Implosive therapy reason

Client tends to use avoidance behaviors.

Classical Conditioning statement

The US elicits a natural response.

Ur example in car accident

The feeling of anxiety.

Operant conditioning type example

Omission when using smartphone privileges as punishment.

Spontaneous recovery example

Re-emergence of a conditioned response after extinction.

Exercise effect on neurotransmitter system

Affects the reward system.

Biopsychosocial model area in Tom's response

Social conditions.

Quitting smoking advice

Quit cold turkey for best results.

Flow component in basketball

Loss of self-consciousness.

Mediating factor for stressors

Coping strategies.

Fight-or-flight response role

Triggers the release of stress hormones for survival.

Admitted to university stress type

Eustress.

Easily cured STI example

Chlamydia.

Best eustress example

Nervous excitement before an important presentation.

Stress management example

Emotion-focused coping.

Yerkes-Dodson Law performance factor

Moderate stress leads to optimal performance.

Intrinsic motivation example

London's pride in her work and desire for accomplishment.

Cannon-Bard Theory response

Feeling desire and hunger upon seeing an appetizing meal.

Food-seeking behavior chemical

Ghrelin.

Extrinsic motivation example

A promotion.

Need to Belong Theory motivation explanation

An innate need for social connections and positive interactions.

Two-Factor Theory of emotion explanation

Emotions arise from both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Extrinsic motivation in Psych 110

Working for a good grade.

Positive reappraisal example

Seeing a tough assignment as a skill development opportunity.

Satisfaction of needs example

Drinking water after feeling thirsty post-workout.