Psych 110 final
QUIZ ONE
Which of the following statements correctly describes why each research method is susceptible to demand characteristics?
Self-reports; because the questions participants are asked may reveal the variables being measured
What is the primary reason spaced practice is superior to cramming?
It allows more time for consolidation
Which of the following is the best description of pre-registration in research methods?
Publishing your design before collecting data
Logan says that according to the theory of Learning Styles (LS), he is a Visual Learner. Sandra says she is an Auditory Learner. If all other abilities are equal, how would they likely perform on a test remembering colored shapes?
Logan and Sandra would score similarly on the test because LS’s don’t affect performance
After doing multiple self-tests, Trenton feels assured he knows everything the quiz could ask him. However, why would he still struggle to remember some concepts during the quiz?
Overconfidence effect
In a study examining family relationships and confidence, participants anonymously complete one task asking about their relationship with their father, and another asking about their confidence. What risk is posed by this design?
Demand characteristics
Which of the following study strategies uses the method of generation?
Teaching a friend the material
Ryann is planning a research study with human participants, who will have to wear a head-mounted eye-tracking device during data collection. While the device is not painful or dangerous, it can be a bit uncomfortable, and some participants may get a headache from wearing the device. In this case, what would be the most important ethical practice for Ryann to address for approval?
Risk/benefit ratio
To test an anxiety medication, Sam decides to group participants so that everyone has an equal chance at receiving the real drug or the placebo. What research practice does this demonstrate?
Random assignment
Research finds that the more frequently you brush your teeth, the less likely you are to develop cavities that will need to be filled. What type of relation does this demonstrate?
Correlational
QUIZ TWO
A birdwatcher is deep in the Amazon rain forest and discovers a new bird species. This new species has colorful feathers, and it appears that the male birds preform an action to draw attention to these feathers. What type of sexual selection trait is this species exhibiting?
Display feature. The bird is attempting to demonstrate its health and ability.
If a species of woodpecker were originally together and got separated into two different islands. What evolutionary mechanism would occur if island A has nuts and island B has fruit?
Adaptation. This occurs because of some sort of change in the environment.
There are two species of goats that share a relatively recent common ancestor. One species (Goat A) is physically larger and stronger, reproduces around every 200 days, and has 1–2 offspring per mating cycle. The other goat (Goat B) is smaller but a better climber, and reproduces around every 150 days with 3–4 offspring per mating cycle. Which of these goat species would be considered to have higher evolutionary fitness?
Goat B Correct! Survival of the fittest in this context simply means reproductive success.
You are walking home from dinner with a friend, when a tiger comes out of the alleyway to attack you. Which of the following accurately explains how you, a human, would realistically utilize one of the four “F’s” to survive?
Run away from the tiger Correct! Flight represents our ability to recognize and avoid danger in order to survive.
Male stag beetles possess brighter colored bodies compared to females. This sex difference gives us one clue to the trait being sexually selected—which of the following would be another clue?
Males and females have similar colors in December but different colors in June
Correct! If only the males change and the females don’t, it would indicate a mating season some time in the early summer.
What do evolutionary psychologists study?
How behavior is impacted by genetics
Which of the following is a similarity in traits seen between peacocks and bucks when discussing contributions to their fitness?
Indicating health Correct! Peacocks’ feathers and buck antlers indicate health.
Why do we use fruit flies to investigate how adaptations occur?
New generations of fruit flies occur more frequently than new generations of human
What is a common problem of studying evolution?
Adaptations can take many generations to be observable
What do the results of Wedekind and colleagues (1995) imply, as discussed in class?
Women’s mate preferences can be predicted by evolutionary theory
THIRD ONE
An EPSP raises the membrane potential of a neuron to 25 mV above resting potential. How will the neuron most likely respond?
It would return back to resting potential
Which of the following behaviors would be primarily influenced by your amygdala?
Acting nervous around new people Correct! The amygdala is associated with fear. The amygdala is important for processing the emotional significance of stimuli around you, especially for things that make you afraid
A researcher is observing the impact of sound on how neurons are firing and notices that the neurons of a participant are firing more frequently than they were at a previous stage of the experiment. According to what we discussed in class, what conclusion can we draw from this information?
The loudness of the sound has increased. Neurons fire at a higher frequency when the intensity of a stimulus is increased.
How would you, as a researcher, choose a brain for a post mortem discussion?
Researchers choose unusual brains that have suffered trauma or had mental illness Correct! Researchers want to compare unusual brains to typical or healthy brains and see how the differences could have manifested in the individual’s life
What is a key difference between ERP and EEG?
Only ERP presents the same stimulus repeatedly Correct! ERP uses this technique in order to remove background electrical noise unrelated to the stimulus.
What is one function controlled by the medulla?
Heart Rate. Correct! Heart rate is one of the functions of survival controlled by the medulla.
Which forebrain structure regulates body rhythms such as sleep, body temperature, blood sugar, etc?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following substances is so chemically similar to acetylcholine that receptors cannot tell the difference?
Nicotine. Correct! The nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors and causes effects that are typical of acetylcholine.
What is one function of the temporal lobe?
Facial recognition Correct! The temporal lobes include visual areas responsible for recognizing detailed objects like faces.
During which phase of neural communication do the effects on the postsynaptic neuron add together in the cell body?
Integration Phase Correct! The neurotransmitters either have excitatory or inhibitory effects on the postsynaptic neuron which are summed together in the cell body.
QUIZ FOUR
A mother visits her baby’s doctor, as she is finding that her baby is crying excessively anytime the mother leaves the room. The baby is often also inconsolable after the mother returns. What is the baby most likely experiencing?
Ambivalent attachment
What is an example of a secondary circular action?
Throwing a toy across the room
Which of the following is the best example of Piaget’s concept of assimilation in cognitive development?
A child shouts “Daddy” every time they see an adult man
A researcher is aiming to test fine motor skills in infants. The study has an infant drag themselves up against a table, walk across the hallway, jump over a couple of toys, and grasp a pen. Which action will the researcher be most interested in?
Grasping a pen
A six-year-old child has mastered reading simple books with a few sentences on each page. They want to try to read a chapter book. According to Vygotsky, what would help the child to best be able to read a chapter book?
They should be given a chapter book, and an adult should only help them if they come across a word they don’t understand
Psychologist Harry Harlow researched attachment by placing infant monkeys in a cage with a cloth and a wire structure mother. What did his research show?
Comforting touch is critical to infant development
Psychologist Harry Harlow researched attachment by placing infant monkeys in a cage with a cloth and a wire structure mother. What did his research show?
Comforting touch is critical to infant development
Which of the following is a key disadvantage of cross-sectional studies?
A person aged 50 in 2024 may respond differently than a person aged 50 in 2074
Which of the following describes typical sensory development in an infant?
An infant is born with good hearing and poor vision
In lecture, we watched a video about Parkinson’s and music. In that video, a Parkinson’s patient is attempting to improve their movement. Over a period of several days, they practiced walking on a treadmill. Which of the following accurately describes the effect of music on movement for that patient?
Listening to music while walking on a treadmill improved the patient’s gait beyond the effects of simply practicing walking
QUIZ FIVE
Which of the following is an example of bottom-up processing?
A person says their coffee is very hot after taking a sip
Johnathon is having trouble distinguishing the colors red and green. What part of his eye anatomy is likely to have a defect?
Cones
You and your friend are taking part in an experiment in at your university psychology department. The researcher separates you from your friend and shows you both the same picture of a bouquet of flowers. Despite seeing the same photo, you and your friend you describe it differently than your friend. What could have led to this difference?
Perceptual set
Your roommate asks you to turn down the volume of music playing in your room, so you turn it from level 10 to level 7. A few minutes later, they don't notice when you turn it up to level 8, so you immediately go to level 9, but then they get upset. What is the difference threshold you have just discovered, in levels?
2
Which of the following correctly matches the type of perceptual constancy with its example?
Color constancy: Regardless of whether a banana is in bright sunlight or warm indoor lighting, you perceive the banana as yellow
What is the psychological perception of the height of a sound wave?
Loudness
Which of the following is the best strategy to reduce pain sensations without changing the transmission of the messages?
Distraction
What is the psychological perception of the time between one peak and the next in a sound wave?
Pitch
Where are you being touched if your cranial nerves are activated?
Above the neck
When staring at a moving object for too long, how would a direction-specific neuron react?
It will become less sensitive to movement
QUIZ SIX
Which of the following correctly describes a difference between a recall and a recognition test?
Only a recall test asks people to produce encoded information without cues
According to the multi-store model of memory, which of the following is true?
Information must first pass through sensory memory and short-term memory before it can reach long-term memory
How does elaborative rehearsal work?
Linking new information with existing knowledge and meaning
To remember a list of 15 numbers, you break the list down into groups of three or four numbers at a time. What is this process called?
Chunking
Which of the following best describes a schema?
A way to organize concepts about the world
Which of the following is an example of Semantic Memory?
Remembering there are 50 states
A person is studying for an upcoming biology exam and breaks down the vocabulary by words that are related to the same area of the body. What is this technique called?
Chunking
When someone remembers their childhood home address, what type of memory are they using?
Semantic memory
What type of memory were you retrieving when you recalled information about sensation for last week’s quiz?
Semantic
Which of the following is the best example of working memory?
Holding your friend’s names in your mind while you type them into your group assignment
QUIZ SEVEN
What is Social Psychology?
the branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.
QUIZ EIGHT
Janice, a 4-year-old child, believes that she has to have long hair to be a woman, because she grew up in a community that reinforces traditional gender roles. What concept explains her confusion?
gender role socialization
Which of the following women is most likely to be in the follicular phase of the female hormone cycle?
Jan, who is at her highest energy levels and is feeling very social
In which of the following scenarios would misattribution of psychological arousal lead someone to believe a person they met is more attractive than usual?
A haunted house
What part of our brain stimulates sexual behavior?
Hypothalamus
Which of the following terms define a strictly biological characteristic?
Sex
Which of the following correctly describes a change in the classification of homosexuality over different versions of the DSM?
It was initially a personality disorder
Which of the following is an example of a trait to which tends to be attractive to ONLY masculine identities?
Maternal characteristics
Which of the following is an observation that supports the Alloparenting Hypothesis?
Homosexuality does not facilitate direct fitness
Which of the following is someone who experiences no sexual attraction?
Asexual
Which of the following correctly describes self-stimulating behavior before puberty?
It is primarily based on curiosity
QUIZ NINE
James is a 4-year-old boy whose father enjoys doing some handyman work around the house on the weekends. After a few weeks James's mother catches him using a plastic hammer on areas of the house his dad had been working on. What type of learning is James exhibiting?
Social learning
While playing poker with her friends, Adeline notices her friend always clears his throat before he folds (gives up his cards). What type of learning does this demonstrate?
Sensitization
Which of the following definitions best describes the Law of Effect in Operant Conditioning?
behaviors that lead to positive outcomes are stamped in and behaviors that lead to negative outcomes are stamped out
In the Little Albert experiment, John B. Watson conditioned an eleven-month-old infant to fear a white rat by playing a loud sound every time the baby touched the rat. After repeated pairings Albert eventually became afraid when only presented with the rat. Researchers also observed that Albert began to fear other fuzzy objects. What concept of learning psychology is Al
Generalization
Which of the following is an example of Classical Conditioning?
You listen to the same upbeat playlist every time you study for an exam. During summer break, you hear a song from that playlist and it makes you feel stressed.
Which of the following may be a reason to treat a client’s phobia with implosive therapy, rather than systematic desensitization?
The client tends to use avoidance behaviors
Which of the following statements is correct regarding Classical Conditioning?
The US envokes a natural response.
Donna gets in a car accident right outside of Hodges Library. Before the accident, she never was nervous driving, but now she experiences anxiety every time she passes the library. Based on this example, which of the following was likely the UR?
The feeling of anxiety
Sam is a teenager who often damages things. His parents decide to implement a rule: if he scratches their car, he will lose the privilege of using his smart phone for one week. Based on the example provided, which of the following best describes the type of operant conditioning used by Sam’s parents?
Omission
Which of the following correctly describes spontaneous recovery?
The re-emergence of a previously conditioned response after a period of extinction when the conditioned stimulus is presented again
QUIZ TEN
What neurotransmitter system does exercise affect the most?
Reward
Tom has recently had a big argument with a friend over who his friend is dating, causing Tom to choose to avoid his friend. According to the biopsychosocial model, which area of the model is Tom's response to this argument mainly manifesting?
Social conditions
Andy is considering quitting smoking. According to reported evidence, what advice should you give Andy for the most successful method of quitting?
Quit cold turkey
Ryan is in the middle of playing a basketball game. During his performance, he suddenly realizes he does not care what anyone else is thinking about his performance. What component of flow is Ryan experiencing?
Loss of Self-Consciousness
Which of the following is a mediating factor for a stressor?
Coping strategies
Which of the following best describes the role of the fight-or-flight response in reaction to stress?
It triggers the release of stress hormones, increasing alertness and preparing the body for immediate physical action
Being admitted to a prestigious university would likely elicit which type of stress?
Eustress
Which common sexually transmitted infection is easily cured with antibiotics?
Chlamydia
Which of the following examples best illustrates eustress?
John experiences nervous excitement before an important presentation and feels energized and focused during an event
Braden has been feeling sad and stressed since his breakup and starts journaling and exercising. How is he managing his stress?
Emotion-Focused Coping
QUIZ ELEVEN
Delaney is in the middle of a soccer game. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following situations would lead her to play the best?
She is moderately stressed
London runs cross-country and knows she must train hard for an upcoming race. She finds pride in her work, but she also enjoys the feeling of accomplishment and the desire to reach her potential. What best describes her type of motivation?
Intrinsic
According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, how might you react if you see an appetizing meal?
Your brain will process the stimulus, producing the feeling of desire and the bodily response of hunger
What chemical is responsible for driving food-seeking behavior?
Ghrelin
Which of the following factors would be considered an extrinsic motivation?
A promotion
According to the Need to Belong Theory, which of the following statements best describes why humans are motivated to form and maintain social relationships?
Humans are motivated to form relationships because they have an innate need for social connections and positive interactions, which enhance emotional well-being.
According to the Two-Factor Theory of emotion, which of the following best explains how emotions are experienced?
Emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal, where the arousal itself doesn’t carry meaning until it is labeled by the individual.
If you work hard to get a good grade in your Psych 110 class, what kind of motivation are you operating with?
Extrinsic
Which of the following correctly demonstrates positive reappraisal, as a method of emotion regulation?
Seeing a challenging class assignment as an opportunity to develop new skills and grow your knowledge.
Which of the following correctly exemplifies satisfaction of needs as a factor that motivates behavior?
Feeling thirsty after a long workout and then drinking water to quench your thirst
QUIZ 12
Cooper has recently started taking the bus to his classes in the morning. He has been noticing a woman hanging around his bus stop lately who mostly speaks in brief, one word sentences. When she does make sense, she only seems to speak about how she has been chosen by the President to lead a revolution. Which of the following is one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia that the woman is experiencing?
Alogia
Which of the following correctly describes a potential issue that could arise when using the DSM-5 for diagnosis?
Since the DSM-5 is based in categorization, high levels of comorbidity could lead to misdiagnoses of psychological disorders.
Which of the following disorders does NOT have an equal prevalence in males and females?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Which of the following correctly pairs a type of anxiety disorder and with a behavioral example?
Alicia has social anxiety disorder. She worries about whether she will say or do the wrong thing around others, and that they will think negatively of her.
Sean has noticed he hasn't been feeling quite right lately. He notices this because he has really been struggling to take care of routine things such as eating and showering regularly. Which of the four Ds would this situation most closely represent?
Dysfunction
According to the textbook, which of the following traumas is most likely to lead to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Intimate partner violence
What is the primary purpose of the DSM?
To classify and diagnose mental health disorders based on specific criteria
Kate has started her own coffee shop and is a small business owner. Her employees have noticed that Kate will go through periods of hardly coming to the shop and when she does come in, she seems to be in a very low mood and hardly gets anything done. There are other periods however where Kate comes in every day, is in a great mood, and seems to be on top of all responsibilities and then some. How would you classify Kate's behavior as a diagnosis?
Bipolar II Disorder
What is the diathesis-stress model?
The idea that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with stress
Chris has recently started playing on a rec league basketball team. He quickly becomes good friends with one of his teammates and enjoys talking to him. Throughout their season, Chris notices his friend goes through cycles of being gone often for multiple weeks at a time and when he does show up, he seems to have very low motivation and energy. After a few weeks in this cycle, Chris's teammate seems to go back to normal. What diagnosis best fits Chris's teammate?
Major Depressive Disorder
