HHD u3aos2

Lifestyle Diseases

any medical disorder or condition thought to be produced or exacerbated by aspects of a person's lifestyle, such as diet and level of physical activity

3 changes since the 1900s

life expectancy increased at a rate of 40% , mortality rates for injuries decreased as medicine and health technology advances, the implementation of mass vaccination programs decreased infectious disease rates

infectious disease

Infectious diseases refers to diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, that can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.

injury and poisoning + examples

relates to the physical harm caused by an event.

→ Ex: road accidents, suicide, assault, drowning, burns and falls, and complications from medical and surgical care.

old public health + examples

refers to government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease SUCH AS quarantine and underground sewerage systems

explain 2 policies and practises of old public health

elimination of housing slums and introduction of **better quality housing** - this reduces risk of diarrhoea and respiratory diseases as overcrowded housing increased bacterial infection risk

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more **hygienic birthing practises -** babies were delivered in clean and safe environments with trained midwives and doctors which decreased infant mortality

biomedical model

A medical model which focuses on the physical and biological aspects of disease and illness practised by doctors and health professionals. It is associated with the diagnosis treatment and cure of diseases

advantages of biomedical approach

• It creates advances in technology and research

• Extends life expectancy

• Many considerable ill health problems can be effectively treated or managed with medicines

what advancements in medical technology allow for + example

better **diagnosis**, **treatment** and the **curing** of diseases which increases **life expectancy** 

**E.g** discovery of **vaccines** improved health status greatly by allowing people to **defend themselves** against infectious diseases such as **COVID-19**

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2. the **discovery of antibiotics** further reduced death rates associated with **infectious diseases** such as **pneumonia** and STIS

**E.g**  **penicillin** as a form of antibiotics reduced morbidity and **mortality associated with infections** 

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disadvantages of the biomedical approach

It relies on professional health workers/technology and is therefore unaffordable to all

It doesn’t always promote good health as it neglects the determinants

Does not encourage responsibility for own health

Not every condition can be treated, thus prevention is more important (cancer)

health promotion

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

**‘New’ Public Health** -

an approach that **expands beyond the traditional focus** on **individual behaviour change**, to one that **considers the ways in which the physical, social, cultural and political environment** impacts on health

Social Model + examples

aims to address the **sociocultural and environmental factors t**hat influence **health behaviours**. It works to **prevent premature death** and **ill-health** by focussing on **health promotion.**

**Examples** - TAC advertising campaigns on dangerous drink-driving   or banning smoking in public places

Advantages of the Social Model

• Promotes good h+w

• Takes a holistic approach to h+w - more dimensions

• Less expensive

• Responsibility for h+w is shared

Disadvantages of the Social Model

• Not every illness or condition can be prevented (genetic)

• Does not promote technological developments in medicine

• Health promotion messages may be ignored (so relies on public cooperation)

5 principle of social model

Addresses the broader determinants of health, Reduces social inequity, Empowers individuals and the community, Accessibility to healthcare, InterSectorial collaboration

Addresses the broader determinants of health

addressing Factors such as gender, culture, race, ethnicity, SES, location and physical environment can all influence health

Reduces social inequity

Acts to reduce inequity in health by promoting equity for all people

Empowers individuals and the community

Empowering individuals and communities with health knowledge and skills means they can participate in decision making and take control over their health

Accessibility to healthcare

Barriers to accessing health care can include cultural and language barriers, economic and geographical factors as well as education levels

InterSectorial collaboration

Many groups (government, health, private sectors) **in the community** need to work together towards a common goa

comparing the 2 models, one similarity and 1 differene

both the social model of health and the biomedical model of health work together to address and improve the health and wellbeing of all Australians.

The biomedical model is relatively expensive as it involves the treatment of disease and injury whereas the social model is relatively cheap as it focuses on education and disease Prevention.

OR The biomedical model focuses on the biological and physical aspects of disease and injury  whereas the social model focuses on the broader determinants of health.

**Ottawa Charter for health promotion**

\- a framework for the development of health promotion established by the WHO in Ottawa, Canada that aims to reduce inequalities in health. 

\- developed from social model of health & is based on the 8 prerequisites of health

Advocate + examples

refers to actions designed to gain support from governments and societies 

**Ex**.  conducting/publishing research, media campaigns and public speaking 

**Enable** + examples

refers to reducing barriers and inequalities by working with population groups  experiencing poor health status 

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**Ex**. encouraging employment, nutritious food and healthcare services

Mediate + examples

refers to ensuring the coordination of health services across and within sectors in order to work together in harmony  

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**Ex**. individuals, groups, political parties and business working together 

Build healthy public policy + examples

* Laws and policies that affect health and wellbeing

**Ex**: Seat belts in cars, Removing GST on unprocessed foods, Banning smoking in public places

**Create supportive environments + examples**

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* Providing a healthy physical environments through: Shade areas in schools , or healthy social cultural environments


* Satisfies social life  - Sociocultural evidence that our school is supportive of all members of the community 

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Strengthen community action + examples for healthy eating/immunisation

* Centres around the community working together to achieve a goal
* All working together to spread healthy eating messages 

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**Ex**:  Immunisation program the government that includes, schools, parents, doctors

Develop personal skills + example

* Education is the key aspect of this strategy.
* How you educate and enhance the skills of the population.
* Allows people to develop a sense of control over their health

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**Ex**:  Education via schools such as health incursions about road safety or healthy eating

**Reorient health services + example**

* aims to promote health rather than focusing on diagnosis and intervention.


* It recognises that the health care system must encompass all members of the community

**Ex**:  Doctor recommending physical activity plans rather than medication

medicare def + how much it covers

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Australia’s universal health insurance scheme that allows access to health care that is subsidised by the government, established by the Federal Government in 1948 - Covers $38.50

schedule fee

indicates the amount that Medicare will contribute to selected procedures

Bulk billing

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If the doctor charges only the schedule fee, the patient has no out of pocket expenses

Medicare Safety Net

Ensure that people who require frequent services from Medicare receive additional financial support

5 things medicare covers

X rays, doctor and specialist consultations, treatment and accomodation in public hospitals, pathology tests, 75% schedule fee for private hospital

Medicare Levy:

Medicare is partly funded by taxpayers who pay a Medicare levy of 2.0% of their taxable income.

Medicare Levy Surcharge + what it encourages

People earning over a certain amount without private health insurance have to pay an extra tax.

* This is to reduce the demand on the Medicare-funded public system (so reduces waiting lists) because more individuals take out private hospital cover

Tax

A financial charge that must be paid by law to fund various public expenditures.

5 things medicare doesnt cover

ambulance services, allied health services, health-related aids (glasses, hearing aids), cosmetic procedures, most dental exams

2 advantages to medicare

choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services and is available for all Australians

2 disadvantages to medicare

no choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments, results in a waiting list for many treatments

PBS def

a scheme in which Medicines are subsidised by the Federal Government to allow greater access, as costs are reduced for consumers provided consumers pay a co-payment of  $41.30  **OR** 6.60 for concession

PBAC role

in charge of reviewing the medicines list 3 x a year. It judges clinical effectiveness, the medical conditions for which medicines are used for, safety and cost-effectiveness 

NDIS

The National Disability Insurance Scheme is a **federal government** scheme of the Australian Government that funds costs associated with disability. 

4 things the NDIS can allow access to

**mainstream services and supports (doctors, teachers)**

**community services and supports (sport clubs, charities, libraries)**

**maintain informal support arrangements (family/friends who don’t get paid)**

**received reasonable and necessary funded support (assistive technology)**

3 requirements for NDIS

Age - under 65

Residency - lives in Australia, is an AU citizen

Disability - impairment which is likely permanent, reduced ability to engage in activities, likely to require NDIS for lifetime

PHI def + examples

**A type of insurance** in which members pay a premium (fee) in return for payment towards health related costs not covered by Medicare **such as** dental and physiotherapy services

lifetime health cover incentive

* people over 31 taking out PHI must pay an extra 2% of their premium for every year above 30 


* incentivizing younger individuals to take out PHI 

Age based discount

* 18-29 yr old receive a discount of up to 10% for private hospital cover


* Incentivises younger individuals to take out PHI

how more ppl taking private health reduces strain and waiting times

more elective surgeries are performed in public hospital, using their resources. This in turn reduces public health waiting times

access pbs

**PBS -** accessible by all Australian citizens and residents as medicine is accessed in a timely and local manner -  increases financial affordability and reduces stress relating to finance

access PHI

increase access to health services that may have otherwise beentoo expensive for patients to afford. This assists in reducing stress as people are more likely to be able to access the services they need.

equity PHI

**PHI -** PHI contains incentives, which are used to ensure the costs for taking out PHI is low such as medicare levy Surcharge where those who earn more pay more

sustainability medicare

Medicare only provides access to essential services - **ex**. GP consultation  and not elective treatments hence reducing long-term costs. Thus, more money can be spent on treating serious diseases such as cardiovascular conditions, reducing mortality 

sustainability PBS

Continually reviewing the medicines available through the PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritised, which assists in keeping the scheme sustainable. This means that more people can benefit from the drugs available, reducing symptoms of injury and disease (Physical)

sustainabilility NDIS and PHI

**NDIS -** NDIS creates individualised plans for uses, according to their requirements hence reducing costs \n **PHI -** allows users to choose the type of cover they require  - **ex.** basic, bronze etc hence providing services according to the individual reducing long-term costs

funding benefits medicare vs phi

medicare = With the money, funding goes towards treatments in public hospitals, reducing stress and anxiety levels as people know they can receive treatment if they require of it

phi = Through this,  more people can be treated in the public system as it decreases the burden placed, improving life expectancy

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smoking effectiveness stat

Health promotion addressing smoking in Australia have been extremely successful as 

* rates of smoking have declined since 1976 From 44% to 16.9% for men, and 33% to 12.1% for females

why smoking is targeted - 3 reasons

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* Smoking is responsible for approx 9% of BOD in Australia
* Annual costs associated with smoking and the conditions it is linked to is approx $31 billion
* Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke may cause premature death in non-smokers

QUIT Build healthy public policy

QUIT has worked with the State government to implement the banning of smoking in public places and the introduction of plain packaging cigarettes

QUIT Create supportive environments

Includes Quitline - a telephone clinical service staffed by highly trained specialists that people can use to receive advice and behaviour change support throughout the quitting process

QUIT Strengthen community action

QUIT Victoria is a joint venture between the Victorian Government, VicHealth, the Heart Foundation and the Cancer Council

QUIT Develop personal skills

QUIT provides info regarding tobacco smoking and the benefits associated with not smoking. Achieved through public education in mass media advertising, and downloadable info on the website

QUIT Reorient health services

QUIT invests millions of dollars in smoking prevention research, helping train health professional in preventing people from starting smoking, reducing prevalence of individuals from starting smoking

things to use to test effectiveness

actual health improvements, number of participants, feedback from participants, action areas, specific target needs

aboriginal quit-line def

a Quitline with staff who are professionals with specialist training to help people quit smoking in a culturally appropriate way.

aboriginal quitline / def Create supportive environments

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* a telephone counselling service that provides confidential support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who want to quit smoking
* Counsellors can also provide callers with links to local support groups if requested, which assists in creating a supportive environment.

**Aboriginal Quitline + Develop personal skills**

Counsellors provide callers with a plan for quitting that is tailored to their individual needs, as well as information on different quitting methods and products

Aboriginal Road to Good Health def

a type 2 diabetes prevention program for Victorian Aboriginal people and their families.

Aboriginal Road to Good Health Strengthen community action

involves efforts from a wide range of organisations such as Diabetes Victoria, Life! , the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service as well as the Tackling Tobacco team

Aboriginal Road to Good Health Develop personal skills

teaches Indigenous Australians particular skills such as how different food can influence health in different ways, how to read food and nutritional labels, and how to prepare foods in a nutritious way

Aboriginal Road to Good Health Reorient health services

the overarching aim is to reduce the prevalence of T2 diabetes and heart disease in Indigenous populations. -emphasise preventative approaches such reducing consumption of sodium and high saturated foods and increasing physical activity

why the dietary guidelines were made

These guidelines are designed to **address the increase of diet-realted conditions**, **limit the consumption** of high amounts of energy-dense, processed foods, and i**ncrease consumption** of fruit and vegetables.

ADG strength + who it is used by + directed at

Caters to different population groups. **Used by health professionals, educators, industry bodies. and** Directed to people of all ages and backgrounds in the Australian population.

guideline 1

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To achieve and maintain a **healthy weight,** be **physically active** and choose amounts of **nutritious** food and drinks to **meet your energy need**

Guideline 2

Enjoy a **wide variety** of nutritious foods from the **five groups** every day

limiting discretionary foods - use ADG 2

Dietary Guideline 2 states that individuals should ‘enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five groups every day’. The five food groups provide the nutrients required without adding too much energy or salt. Consuming these foods can provide feelings of fullness, reducing the chance of consuming discretionary foods.

AGHE def + physical dimension

It is a food selection guide and primary promotional tool based upon the dietary guidelines 2 and 3, and is pictorial in its nature. helps people maintain and ideal body weight

nutrition australia objective

a source of scientific information on key nutrition issues, and distribute material on nutrition to policy makers, the media, educators, food industry and consumers.

the healthy eating pyramid first 2 layers

The 1st 2 layers are known as the **foundation layers** and include the three plant based groups (vegetables, fruits and grains (and should make up largest proportion of diet)

3rd layer , top layer, alternative, discouraged, encourages

The 3rd layer contains milk and lean meats

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Healthy fats are in the smallest layer at the top of the pyramid

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Herbs & spices are recommended for food flavouring as an alternative to salt, sugar and /or fat

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Salt and sugar are discouraged with a red cross

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Water is presented as the best drink to be consumed

nutrition webinars advantage

this knowledge can then be used at home to reduce/increase … intake

willpower def + explain

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* ‘The ability to resist short-term temptations in order to meet long-term goals’
* Temptation through society such as at parties, workplaces, friend/family influence 

food security

access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs for an active and healthy life’

Also includes:

• Money to buy nutrient dense food

• Means to access nutrient dense food (geographic location and transport)

2 health and wellbeing factor examples

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* Avoiding a food due to allergy or intolerance (e.g. lactose, peanut, gluten) which makes it hard to follow dietary guidelines, AGTHE and the food pyramid


* Food as a coping mechanism after a tough day (certain foods may trigger dopamine release)