Mieosis and Mitosis Review

Nucleus

• Both plant and animals

• special operation center that controls most of cell’s activities

• stores DNA

Vacuole

• both plants and animals

• special storage chamber in the cell

• Stores food, water, and wastes are stored

• Plant cells one large

• Animal cells, multiple little

Mitochondria

• Both plant and animals

• Referred to as “powerhouse” of cell

• Takes food particles and convert the food energy to ATP

Chloroplast

• only in plant cell

• Makes plants green

• Allows cell to make food

• Takes sun energy and can convert it into a usable form of food (glucose)

Lysosome

• both plants and animals

• Digestion of materials in the cell

• Destroys invaders of the cell by digesting them away

• Destroy and dispose of used organelles that do not work anymore

Cytoskeleton

• Strands of protein that help the cell maintain its shape and size

• Help keep the cell firm and full otherwise the cell might collapse

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• long system of tubes and sacs

• “Highway” for the cell

• Materials made or processed in one part of the cell are transported to new parts of the cell on the …

• Rough … = has ribosomes attached

• Smooth… = does not have anything attached

Cell Membrane

• selectively allows certain molecules in and out of the cell

• Acts as a barrier for some items

• Pushes other items into the cell

Cell Wall

• ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

• gives plant cell such a ridged and definite shape

• Protects cell from outside influences

• Allows certain items in and out of cell

Ribosome

• allows proteins to be assembled

• Acts like a small workbench for the cell to make proteins on

Golgi Body

• packaging and distribution center for the cell (like the post office of a cell)

• If items need to be shipped out to other portions of the cell, the Golgi deals with it

Organelles not in animal cells

Cell wall and chloroplast

Prokaryotic Cells

Lack nucleus and other organelles

Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

Have nucleus

Animals

Chromatin

Spaghetti like structure in nucleus

Chromatid

Part of a sister chromatids

Sister chromatids

Two identical chromatids joined at centromere

Sister chromatids

Chromosomes

Structure in nucleus that contains DNA which hold genes

Centromere

Region of a chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis and meiosis

Cell cycle

Made up of interphase and cell division/PMAT

Produces 2 daughter cells

Asexual Reproduction

Offspring arise from a single organism and inherit genes of that parent only

Sexual Reproduction

Two parent cells create one unique offspring

Mitosis

Cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical ordinary tissue growth

Meiosis

Results in 4 daughter cells each with ½ number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores

Why cells divide and not just keep growing

Information overload (DNA can’t process all the information)

Can’t efficiently move nutrients and waste across cell membrane

Cell Theory

• all living organisms are contained if one or more cells

• Cell is basic unit of structure and organization in organisms

• Cells arise from pre existing cells

Cells that go through Mitosis

Somatic (body cells)

G1

Cell growth happens here

S

Synthesis happens here and the DNA replicates

G2

Preparation for mitosis

M phase

Cell division occurs

Cell cycle

Phase of cell cycle that DNA replication occurs in

S phase

Apoptosis

Death of a cell

Reasons apoptosis occurs

• infection

• DNA damage

• Nutrient deficiency

Daughter cells and mitosis

If if parent cells create has 8 then daughter cells will have 8

Prophase

Prophase

Spindle fibers form and nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase

Metaphase

Centromeres of chromosomes are lined up at middle of cell

Anaphase

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase

Telophase

Chromosomes uncoil

Are cells in meiosis diploid or haploid

Meiosis 1 diploid

Meiosis 2 haploid

Prophase 1

Prophase 1

Nuclear membrane breaks down around 1 nucleus

CROSSING OVER OCCURS HERE

Metaphase 1

Metaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up in middle of cell

Anaphase 1

Anaphase 1

Homologous chromosomes separate

Ana away separate

Telophase 1

Telophase 1

Results in 2 haploid cells

Cytokines

Prophase 2

Prophase 2

Nuclear membrane breaks down around 2 nuclei

Metaphase 2

Metaphase 2

Sister chromatids line up in middle of cell

Anaphase 2

Anaphase 2

Sister chromatids separate

Telophase 2

Telophase 2

Results in 4 haploid cells

Cytokinesis

Why meiosis provides more Genetic diversity than Mitosis

Crossing over happens in meiosis

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of a material

Homologous chromosomes

Both chromosomes are from different parent

Sister chromatids

Interkinesis

2 cells formed in Meiosis 1 appear to be in a resting state for a short period of time

No replication of the chromosomes for any cells between Meiosis 1 and Meisosis 2

Does DNA replication happen during interkinesis

When crossing over occurs

Metastasis

Spread of cancer

Stage 1 cancer

Cancer in a small area with no spread

Stage 2 cancer

Cancer has grown but not spread to lymph nodes or other tissue

Stage 3 cancer

Cancer growth larger and potentially spread to lymph nodes or other tissue

Stage 4 cancer

Cancer spread to other organs or areas of the body

Benign

Does not invade surrounding tissue

Malignant

Invade surrounding tissue and can spread to other parts of the body