Chapter II: Chemistry and Biological Compounds

Ionic Bond

Transfer of electrons between atoms.

Valence

Charge from electron gain or loss.

Ion

Atom or group with electrical charge.

Salt

Compound of positive and negative ions.

Cation

Ion with a positive charge.

Anion

Ion with a negative charge.

Aqueous Solution

Water-based solution weakening ionic bonds.

Ionization or Dissociation

Salts breaking into ions in water.

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms.

Disulfide Bond

Covalent bond between sulfur atoms.

Hydrogen Bond

Weak bond between hydrogen and oxygen.

Chemical Reaction

Change from forming or breaking bonds.

Synthesis Reaction

Formation of new compounds from bonds.

Decomposition Reaction

Breaking down large molecules into smaller.

Water

Makes up 60-75% of human body.

Solvent

Dissolves salts and facilitates reactions.

Buffer System

Minimizes pH changes in solutions.

Base

Decreases hydrogen ion concentration.

pH Scale

Measures acidity from 0 to 14.

Trace Elements

Needed in small amounts for body functions.

Carbohydrates

Primary energy source with C, H, O.

Monosaccharides

Single sugar compounds like glucose.

Disaccharides

Double sugars made from two monosaccharides.

Polysaccharides

Thousands of saccharides linked together.

Lipids

Fats containing C, H, O, and P.

Proteins

Composed of amino acids, essential for body.

Amino Acids

Building blocks of proteins, about 20 types.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts in reactions.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA, composed of nucleotides.

ATP

Energy source produced in mitochondria.

Vitamins

Organic molecules needed for metabolism.

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A, D, E, K

Water Soluble Vitamins

B, C

ADP

precursor for ATP. Is formed when ATP is broken down

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid, Similar to DNA, Usually single stranded

DNA

Primary Component of chromosomes, carries our genetic information

Nucleotide

Subunit of nucleic acid, consists of sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group.

Denatured

enzyme looses its shape, causes change in pH and heat

Substrates

the reacting substance with and enzyme

Active site theory

lock and key

Amino Acid

peptide bond

holds the amino acid together (polypeptides)

Cholesterol

Used to make important hormones and other bodily compartments. EX: Cell membrane, bile, Vitamin D

Steroids

Cholesterol, much different structure from other lipids

True fats

Phospholipid

Phospholipid

diglycerides with a phosphate group found in our cell membranes

True Fats

lipid, contains one glycerol and 1 to 3 fatty acids. Ex: Triglycerides

Cellulose

long straight chunks of glucose, structural sugar. Ex: Fiber, wood, paper

Starch

long branched chains of glucose, stored carbohydrates in plants

Glycogen

Stored glucose (liver and Muscles), stored carbohydrates in animals

Oligosaccharides

consists of 3 - 20 monosaccharides

Ex: antigens (cell surface proteins), vegtables

Organic Compounds

contain covalently bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, and possibly other atoms.

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCo3—>Na+ +HCo3

Carbonic Acid

H2Co3 —> H+ +HCo3

Acidosis

Occurs when carbon dioxide builds up in the blood thus decreasing the blood pH

Carbon Dioxide

byproduct of cellular respiration

is carried in the blood to the lungs for removal

Oxygen

used for cell respiration

used to break glucose down into useful energy

Aqueous Humor

water found in the eyeball

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

water found in and around the brain and spinal cord

Synovial Fluid

water found in joints

Tissue Fluid

water found in between cells

Lymph

water found in lymphatic Vessels

Plasma

water found in blood vessels

Extracellular Fluid

remainder of water in the body. Ex: Plasma, Lymph, Tissue Fluid, Synovial Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Aqueous humor

Intracellular Fluid

water within cells about 65% of our total water count

Temperature

Accepts a lot of temperature this helps maintain homeostasis

Lubricant

around bones, mucus and saliva