Rural Urban Divide Exam 1

What are the three elements of citizenship?

The three elements of citizenship consist of Membership, Rights, and Duties.

What are the three essential dimensions of citizenship?

The three essential dimensions of citizenship include Affiliative (sense of belonging), Legal (protection), and Civic (involvement in community and participation).

The three approaches to studying rural places are….

Location or population, social construct, and multidimensional

Location/Place Approach

Geographical characteristics, Physical space, Population density, Commuting to work, Federal government definition.

The U.S Office of management and Budget approach…

Divided into Metropolitan or nonmetropolitan

The Metropolitan Category includes…

Metropolitan - have cities of 50,000 or more.

Metropolitan suburban - have 25% of workers living in the county commute to the central city

The Micropolitan Category includes…

Micropolitan counties are nonmetropolitan and have cities of 10,000 - 49,999.

Non-core counties are nonmetropolitan counties without a city with at least 10,000.

US Census bureau approach…

urban vs rural, based on population

Urban Definition

Central places and adjacent territory. > 5,000

Rural Definition

Areas with less than 5,000 people and not part of an urban area.

According to the Parker et al. report (What Unites and Divides Urban, Suburban and Rural Communities), what percent of urban and rural residents say people in other types of communities look down on them and don’t understand their problems?

%67

True or False: According to the Parker et al. report (What Unites and Divides Urban, Suburban and Rural Communities), urban and rural Americans differ in their views on key social issues, but these differences are often due to political partisanship rather than geography.

True

What was Jimmy Carters First occupation?

An officer in the U.S. Navy

Which of the following was one of President Jimmy Carter's main achievements while he served in office?  

A Middle East peace agreement between Israel and Egypt

According to the W. K. Kellogg Foundation Report, Perceptions of Rural America, the largest share of rural jobs comes from which sector?

Service

According to the W. K. Kellogg Foundation Report, Perceptions of Rural America, farm employment in rural America is approximately what percent of all rural employment? 

%7

The National Center for Health statistics (U.S Department of Health and human services) approach…

6 categories based on Office of management and budget definitions, Size of metropolitan statistical areas, and Location of principal cities

The Rural Urban continuum is…

…used to classify counties in the U.S., with 1 being the most metro and 9 being the most non-metro.

A social construct is…

…Agreement between society on how to define and interpret particular phenomena in society. The social construct approach looks at signs and symbols, lets society decide for itself.

The Multidimensional Approach…

Based off of population and settlement structure (size density,location), Landscape, Economy , Institutions, services, activities and Socio-cultural aspects.

Rural economic activity is usually defined as…

• Agriculture

• Extractive industries: timber, fishing, minerals, natural gas, oil; removal of materials from nature

• Manufacturing

• Local services

• Government services

• Tourism

County economic types are usually defined on…

• Farming Dependent

• Mining Dependent

• Manufacturing Dependent

• Federal/State Government Dependent

• Recreation Dependent

• Non Specialized

County policy types are usually defined on…

• Low Education

• Low Employment

• Persistent Poverty

• Population Loss

• Retirement Destination

Rural America is more ____ than you’d think.

Diverse; 25% non-whites and growing

Even though U.S. Rural population is less than ____%, it is seen as important due to…

20%;

• Many countries are still considered rural worldwide

• Rural areas offer different opportunity structures.

• Contain most water, mineral resources and land

• Offers recreation and vacation opportunities

• Greater biodiversity

• Food fiber and energy sources

• Physical infrastructure (dams, roads, railroads bridges, energy lines

• Still having millions of people

What is the narrative about Urban-Rural Divide?

Rural: left behind, impoverished, stagnation, decline, despair

Urban: booming economies, jobs, engines of growth, diverse, educated, productive

• “New – and decades in the making”

• “Complicated”

• “Inaccurate and harmful”

• “Growing wider”

Rural America is facing…

• Outmigration from rural places, especially rural Midwest and Northeast

• Changes to rural economies over time (farming, manufacturing, tourism, service sectors)

• Environmental concerns

• Innovative economic development and other activities that are not in the news

Differences between rural and urban America include…

• Economic base (government, finance, commerce, administration vs. agriculture and natural resources)

• Concentration of college educated in cities

• Health care services

• Other public services

• Educational opportunities

• Voting trends

What is a suburb?

• Good infrastructure, sidewalks, mixed use,

• walkable, high density, front porches

• The “inbetween”

What are the three Elements of Citizenship?

Membership, rights, and duties.

What are the two groups of Membership?

Citizen and non citizen. Who belongs, who doesn’t?

What groups fall under the definition of Incomplete citizenship?

Second class citizens, marginal citizens, and denisons.

What are the three groups of Rights?

Civil, social, and political.

What are civil rights?

Individual rights, protections from the state.

What are social rights?

Rights for ones livelihood and well being

What are political rights?

Rights to participate in the political processes

What are Duties?

Responsibilities and obligations, must find balances between rights and duties

What are the three essential dimensions of citizenship?

Affiliative (sense of belonging), civic (participation), and legal (protection).

What are the two classic civil theories?

Republican and Liberal. Every other theory is considered alternative.

What is Republican civic theory?

Calls for active participation, public over private sphere, historically narrow definition on who participates. Collection over the individual.

What is Liberal civic theory?

Participation is optional, rights based approach. Individuality, freedom.

What is Modern Citizenship?

• Belief that poverty and insecurity prevent people from participating in society

• Ongoing debate

• Leans Liberal

Who is the face of Modern Citizenship?

T.H Marshall emphasized the need for social rights.

Social Inequality is…

…a condition in society in which different members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, and power. Determined by by attributes such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, or religion.

Intersectionality is …

…the study of the interacting effects of these different sources of inequality, and the resulting experiences or outcomes 

Class is …

…a large scale grouping of people who share common economic resources that strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead (life chances).

Society is…

…the structure in which we interact.

A racial group is…

…a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance

An Ethnic group is…

…a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns; ethnicity refers cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others

What are the three Alternative Pluralistic Theories?

Feminist, multicultural, indigenous.

Pluralistic means…

“Some groups are more equal than others,”

Feminist citizenship calls for…

…equal rights with men, additional rights based on genetic differences.

Critiques - People “essentialized” by gender

The concept that focuses on a certain characteristic such as gender being the main component of one’s identity is called:

Essentialism

Multicultural citizenship calls for…

…emphasis on culture, language, religion, affirmative action rights.

Critiques - All societies are multicultural to some extent, might lead to further division

Indigenous citizenship calls for…

….examination and reevaluation of rights of natives who were formally excluded

What are the two Alternative Globalist Theories?

Cosmopolitan and Neoliberal

Cosmopolitan citizenship emphasizes…

…that all people belong to single community. Human rights, not citizenship. Everyone on earth in one single community.

Critiques: Is this realistic? Loss of group identity.

Neoliberal citizenship emphasizes…

…consumers and corporations. Citizenship turned to consumerism, vote with wallet, cooperate control. 

Critiques: Wealth dependent, state protects corporations and not consumers.

True or False: Consumer behavior (“voting with one’s wallet”) is a highly effective form of republican citizenship.

False

Culture is…

…a set of interrelated beliefs, values, and norms shared by members of a certain community.

Environmental citizenship is…

the responsible pro-environmental behavior of citizens who act and participate in society as agents of change in the private and public sphere, on a local, national and global scale.

Includes the exercise of environmental rights and duties.

Who is the face of environmental citizenship?

John Muir, Henry David Thoreau - Land and nature protected for its own sake, Concerns about waste of resources. (1800’s)

Who was the founder of the 1970 Earth Day?

Senator Gaylord Nelson

What is the Brundtland report?

1980’s, Calls for international cooperation, raising level of commitment and innovative solutions. Defined sustainable development as: ”Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

What is Silent spring?

Written by Rachel Carson, one of first books to document DDT and other chemicals are not harmlessly absorbed by the earth. 

What is “Limits to growth”?

1970’s, Book published about how there are limited resources, calls for radical change.

What is Environmental justice?

Concept that risks and environmental effects are not evenly spread, marginalized groups feel effects more than others. Belief of, “Nimby” Not in my backward. 

What is Republican Environmental Citizenship?

• Focuses on values, duties, and responsibilities. Emphasises action.

• Non human world included in the community.

• Critiques: Doesn’t do enough to solve environmental problems. To what extent can non-human entities be included?

What is Liberal Environmental Citizenship?

• Focuses on individual rights and legal protections

• Do what you want, as long as you don’t harm others.

• Up to the individual.

• Personal, procedural, and substantive rights,

• Must not interfere with personal freedom. 

• Critiques: Doesn't do enough to solve environmental problems. Nature viewed as property, not provider. To much reliance of individual choice and freedom. 

What is Ecological footprint?

The amount of ecological space that individuals, organizations, and communities take up. Creates obligations and connects everyone to everything, replaces the nation state.

What are the 3 Alternative environmental citizenship theories?

Ecological, Ecofeminist, Ecocentric

What is Ecological Citizenship ?

Theory by Andrew Dobson

• focuses on ecological footprints and obligation to correct ecological injustices inherent in material relationships. Individuals offset or correct environmental injustices. 

• Critiques: No boundaries, unclear who belongs. Too much emphasis on individual choices and not governments and policies. Focused on global North.

What is Ecofeminist Citizenship?

• Looks at the close relationship between the domination of nature and women in society

• Earth care and women's roles as caregivers

• Attention to the public private sphere and vurdens placed on women.

What is Ecocentric Citizenship?

• Environmental citizenship theories are to anthropocentric

• Incorporates nature into concept of citizenship

• Nature as political agent

• Humans not dominant over nature.

What is the rights of nature movement?

Considered the largest growing movement in the world. Does nature have rights? Gives “spokespersons” to nature. The rights of nature doctrine asserts that an ecosystem is entitled to legal representation, and the right to defend itself in the court of law. 

Who is a citizen of the United States?

• Born in the U.S.

• Born outside the U.S. with at least one parent who is an american citizen

• A naturalized citizen

• Children under 18 with at least one parent who becomes a naturalized citizen.

What are the Rights and duties of citizenship in the United States?

• Civil rights

• Equal protection under the law

• Freedom from discrimination

• Voting rights

How can Voting in the 1600’s and 1700’s be described?

Limiting; required…

• 13 colonies property ownership (limits blacks and women)

• Disenfranchisement of women and non-whites

• Tax requirements

• 1850’s the property requirement was dropped

Who was Frederick Douglas?

• Born 1818 into slavery in maryland

• Self educated

• Taught himself to read and write

• Abolitionist leader

• Writer: Narrative of the life of frederick douglass

• Advocate for civil rights, racial and gender equality

• Gov service, advised 5 U.S. presidents

• Key figure in Civil rights movement,

• Thought the church was disappointing and working against abolition, thought 4th of july was hypocritical since it celebrated freedom when there was not freedom. Had hope things would change.

What was the 13th amendment?

Abolished slavery except as punishment for a crime.”Neither lavery or involuntary servitude…”

What was the 14th amendment?

Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.”All persons born or naturalized in the United states.. Equal protection.”

What was the 15th amendment?

Prevents states from denying the right to vote due to race, color or previous condition of servitude. 

Voting in the 1877’s-1960’s can be described with…

• Jim crow laws

• Poll taxes (cost to vote), literacy taxes/tests, grandfather clause (grandfather had to be eligible to vote for you to vote) 

• African American discrimination, lead to great migration 1910-1970

• Also excluded poor whites, non english speaking immigrants, other minority groups.

What was the 19th amendment?

(1920) - women guaranteed right to vote in all states, some restrictions for poor and non white.

What was Seneca Falls?

First women’s rights conference in New york (1848)

What is the One Drop Rule?

• Racial classification until 1967

• Anyone with a black ancestor was considered was considered black

• Used to deny rights

• Prevent interracial marriage

What was the 24th Amendment?

•  Poll tax eliminated in 1964

What is the 26th Amendment?

voting age reduced from 21 to 18.

What is Title IX ?

1972; banned sex discrimination in federally funded education programs (sports)

What year was the Pregnancy Discrimination Act?

1978

When di US military Merchant Marine and citizens overseas become eligible to vote?

1986

What is the Equal rights amendment?

• Introduced in 1923

• Guaranteed equality for all American citizens, approved by house and senate in 1971

• Ratification by 25/28 states

• Conservative women against

• Renewed interest today

What is DACA?

• deferred action for childhood arrivals

• Unlawful presence in U.S. after being brought as Kids

• 600,000+ people

• 2 year period of deferred action for deportation and work permits

• No path to citizenship

• Contested in courts

• The Dream act (development relief and education for alien minors), Pathway to permanent residency, failed to pass in congress.)

The 1984 environmental disaster in Bhopal, India, was caused by which event?

Leak of highly toxic gas at a chemical manufacturing plan

True or False: Recommendations of the Club of Rome's Limits to Growth report were enacted in the U.S. during the 1980's, which resulted in a significant amount of new environmental regulations and solar panels placed on the White House.

False