DAT Bootcamp - Fundamentals of Biology

any substance that takes up spacer and has mass is called _____

matter

matter is composed of what?

elements

an _____ has specific chemical and physical properties

element

an _____ is the smallest unit of matter that still retains all the chemical properties of an element

atom

can an atom break-down into something smaller, while still retaining the properties of the original element?

no

molecules result whenever _____ atoms join together

2 or more

_____ contain carbon atoms arranged as long chains or rings

organic molecules

what atoms does carbon tend to bond with in an organic molecule?

hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen

_____ are molecules that contain more than one element

compounds

(ex: H2O is a molecule/compound)

what are the strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule?

intramolecular forces

which type of force exists between molecules?

intermolecular forces

which type of force is weaker... intra- or intermolecular?

intermolecular

which type of force (intra-/intermolecular) determines physical properties?

intermolecular

_____ are molecules that have the potential of bonding to other identical molecules through chemical reactions

monomers

_____ is the process when monomers bond together, and it forms _____

polymerization; polymers

_____ are substances that have a large # of monomers bonded together

polymers

what are the 3 varieties of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides; disaccharides; polysaccharides

monosaccharides have a ratio of precisely _____ to a water molecule, and they have the empirical formula _____

1 carbon; (CH2O)n

5 carbon monosaccharides are called _____

pentoses

6 carbon monosaccharides are called _____

hexoses

a sugar molecule is classified as alpha if the OH group points _____ on the first carbon

down

a sugar molecule is classified as beta if the OH group points _____ on the first carbon

up

ribose is a _____ sugar (monosaccharide)

pentose

glucose and fructose are _____ sugars (monosaccharides)

hexose

glucose and fructose are _____ of each other

isomers

what type of carbohydrate results when 2 monosaccharides bond together?

disaccharide

_____ bring monosaccharides together

dehydration/condensation reactions

what reacts with what in a dehydration/condensation reaction?

hydroxyl (OH) + hydrogen (H)

what is formed and what is released in a condensation/ dehydration/condensation reaction?

covalent bond formation; release of H2O

what is the opposite of a condensation/hydrolysis reaction - why?

hydrolysis reaction; adds H2O to a covalent bond to split monomers apart

what is the name of the bond that occurs when a carbohydrate bonds to another molecule?

glycosidic

carbohydrates linked to lipids are known as _____

glycolipids (c-l-p)

carbohydrates linked to proteins are known as _____

glycoproteins

the disaccharide _____ is table sugar

sucrose

which disaccharide contains 1 glucose and 1 fructose?

sucrose

which disaccharide contains 1 galactose and 1 glucose?

lactose

which disaccharide contains 2 glucoses?

maltose

polysaccharides are long polymers of _____

monosaccharides

_____ may or may not have branching

polysaccharides

some polysaccharides are for _____, and others are for structure.

storage

_____ is a crucial storage polysaccharide in plants

starch

starch contains many _____ monomers in linear forms as well as branched forms

glucose

linear plant starch is called _____

amylose

what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylose?

α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

(linear)

what is amylopectin?

branched form of plant starch

what type of glycosidic bonds are in amylopectin?

α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)

α-1,6-glycosidic (branches)

_____ is a storage polysaccharide found in humans

glycogen

glycogen contains many _____ monomers

glucose

is amylopectin or glycogen more branched?

glycogen

what type of bonds does glycogen have?

α-1,4-glycosidic (linear)

*many* α-1,6-glycosidic (branches)

which type of human tissues store glycogen?

liver (mostly); muscles

name two alpha-glucose polysaccharides

starch, glycogen

_____ is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls, wood, and paper

cellulose

cellulose is a _____ polymer

glucose

what type of bonds does cellulose contain - what do they do?

β-1,4-glycosidic; allow cellulose to linear strands that pack together in parallel

what type of intermolecular force holds adjacent cellulose strands together in parallel?

hydrogen bonds

cellulose's structure gives it a high _____

rigidity

can humans digest cellulose?

no - it passes through the digestive tract as fiber

chitin is a _____ polysaccharide

structural

chitin is found in _____ cell walls and _____ exoskeletons

fungal; insect

chitin is a structural polysaccharide of _____ monomers

N-acetylglucosamine

what type of bonds are in chitin?

β-1,4-glycosidic

chitin looks a lot like _____

cellulose

(parallel strands cross-linked by H-bonds)

name two beta-glucose polysaccharides

cellulose, chitin

proteins contain polymers called _____

polypeptides

polypeptides are polymers of _____ monomers

amino acid

in an amino acid, what 4 things is the central carbon bonded to?

H, NH2, COOH, R

how many amino acids are there?

20

amino acids in a polypeptide are linked by _____ covalent bonds

peptide

how do amino acids form peptide bonds with one another?

dehydration/condensation reactions

which type of reactions separate the amino acids of a polypeptide?

hydrolysis

a peptide bond is an _____ bond involving amino acids

amide

amide/peptide bonds occur between _____ and _____ functional groups

NH2; COOH

what enzymes catalyze peptide bond formation?

peptidyl transferases

peptidyl transferases are _____ transferases

aminoacyl

polypeptides have an _____ and _____ terminus

amino (N-); carboxyl (C-)

the _____ structure of a protein is its amino acid sequence

primary

all proteins have _____ structure

primary

the _____ structure of a protein is the 3D shape from intermolecular forces between the polypeptide backbone

secondary

the _____ is the amino acid structural features other than the R-group

polypeptide backbone

does secondary structure include interactions between R-group atoms?

no

which level of protein structure includes alpha helix and beta sheet?

secondary

what is the most common type of intermolecular force for secondary structure?

H-bonds

the _____ structure is the 3D structure due to non-covalent interactions between amino acid R-groups

tertiary

what are the common interactions between R-groups in tertiary structure?

ionic; hydrogen; dipole-dipole; van der Waal; hydrophobic; disulfide

what is the "covalent exception" in tertiary structure?

disulfide bonds

(these are covalent)

which amino acids allows disulfide bond formation?

cysteine

the _____ structure of a protein is the 3D structure from the grouping of two or more separate polypeptides

quaternary

while there are multiple polypeptide chains in quaternary structure, they function as _____

1 protein

what are 3 structural classifications of proteins?

fibrous; globular; intermediate

fibrous structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

insoluble

fibrous structural proteins are long polymer _____

fibers/sheets

_____ form the structural components of cells

fibrous structural proteins

what is an example of a fibrous structural protein?

collagen

globular structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

soluble

_____ structural proteins are folded tightly and perform many functions

globular

what is an example of a globular structural protein?

albumin

intermediate structural proteins are (soluble/insoluble)

soluble

_____ structural proteins are fiber-shaped and perform many functions

intermediate

what is an example of a intermediate structural protein?

fibrinogen