Unit 3 Enzymes/ Cellular Respiration/ Photosynthesis - Patel AP Biology LTHS

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AP Biology for Mrs Patel's class LTHS - The enzyme material is mostly extra, found out after I made them it wasn't on the test.

111 Terms

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What is an Anabolic Reaction?

A reaction that builds molecules and absorbs energy.

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What makes a Chemical Reaction?

Molecule collisions.

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What is a Catabolic Reaction?

A reaction that breaks molecules and releases energy.

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What is an Endergonic Reaction?

A reaction where the product ends up with more energy than the reactant. Gains energy.

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What is an Exergonic Reaction?

A reaction where the product ends up with less energy than the reactant. Loses energy.

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How can you increase collisions?

By adding a catalyst (enzyme), increasing temp, increasing the concentration of reactants, or increasing pressure.

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What is a Reactant?

The molecules present before the reaction takes place.

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What is a Product?

The molecules present after the reaction takes place.

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What does RXN mean?

Reaction.

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What type of Macromolecule is an enzyme?

A protein.

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What are proteins made up of?

Amino acids.

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What is an enzyme?

A catalyst.

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What is a spontaneous reaction?

Reactions that occur on their own.

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What lowers activation energy in a reaction?

Enzymes.

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What speeds up spontaneous reactions?

catalysts.

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Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed enzyme use less energy?

A Catalyzed enzyme would use less energy.

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Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed enzyme use more energy?

An Uncatalyzed enzyme would use more energy.

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What is the Allosteric site?

The regulation site on an enzyme.

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What is the site on the back of the enzyme called?

The Allosteric site.

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What is the site on the front of the enzyme called?

The active site.

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What is an active site?

The site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs, and where the substrate binds in the forced reaction.

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What is a substrate?

A substance which the enzyme forces a reaction onto.

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What is the induced fit model?

Where the enzyme’s active site conforms to the substrate to force a reaction.

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What does the substrate have to be in order to fit with the enzyme?

The right shape and charge (+ or -).

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What is the primary level of protein structure?

The order of amino acids.

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What is the secondary level of protein structure?

Folding that is based on R-group characteristics.

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What is the tertiary level of protein structure?

More folding and like finding like.

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What is the quaternary level of protein structure?

Binding of multiple polypeptides.

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What are the two shapes folding creates?

Alpha helix and Beta pleat.

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What is a polypeptide?

One strand of amino acids.

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How does Substrate Concentration affect enzyme reaction rate?

As substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction increases until it slows down and reaches a steady rate.

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How does Temperature affect enzyme reaction rate?

As the temp increases, the rate of reaction increases to an optimal point, after which the reaction rate decreases.

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What happens if an enzyme is put in an environment with a temp higher than it’s optimal temp?

The enzyme will denature.

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What happens if an enzyme denatures?

The enzyme will no longer function properly.

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How does pH affect enzyme reaction rate?

As pH increases, the rate of reaction increases to an optimal pH, then the rate of reaction decreases.

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What is pH?

The percent of Hx ions in the solution.

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What happens to an enzyme outside of its optimal pH?

The enzyme denatures.

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What is an inhibitor?

Molecules that stop or slow down enzyme function.

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What do inhibitors do?

They help control the rate of reaction, they deactivate enzymes that are not needed, and reactivate enzymes that are needed.

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What is a competitive inhibitor?

Inhibitors that bind to an active site in place of a substrate. They can do this because they’re the same shape.

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What is the purpose of a competitive inhibitor?

To slow down the rate of reaction by giving enzymes something in place of a substrate.

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When dealing with competitive inhibitors, what determines the rate of reaction?

The concentration of the substrate vs the concentration of the competitive inhibitor.

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What is a non-competitive inhibitor?

An inhibitor that binds to the Allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site.

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What happens when the active site’s shape is changed?

The enzyme can no longer react with the substrate.

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Where does the non-competitive inhibitor bond on the enzyme?

To the Allosteric site on the back of the enzyme.

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Where does the competitive inhibitor interact with the enzyme?

The active site on the front of the enzyme.

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What does the arrow in a chemical reaction represent?

The reaction taking place.

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What does an enzyme do with the product after the reaction occurs?

Releases the product.

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What makes each enzyme different?

It’s active site.

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What factors make a substrate and enzyme compatible?

Their shapes have to match up, and their charges have to be opposite.

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How do enzymes affect activation energy?

They reduce activation energy, which increases rate of reaction.

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What ways can amino acids vary in chemical properties?

They can be polar, non-polar, negatively charged, or positively charged.

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What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?

Interactions between R groups.

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How does increasing temperature initially affect enzyme activity?

Initially it raises enzyme activity levels.

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What is the optimum temperature?

The temperature where the enzyme is most active.

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What happens to enzyme activity level when temperature goes over the optimum level?

The activity level goes down.

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Why can’t the substrate interact with the enzyme in an environment above it’s optimum temperature?

Because the enzyme deforms and isn’t able to fit the substrate anymore.

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What is NADH called?

An energy carrier or a co-enzyme.

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What’s the function of NADH?

To transfer electrons during Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, and the Krebs Cycle, to the ETC.

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What does NAD+ turn into when transporting an electron?

NADH.

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What does FAD turn into when transporting an electron?

FADH2.

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What’s the waste product of the Krebs Cycle?

C02.

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What provides energy for Active Transport?

Electron Transport.

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What accepts the electrons at the end of ETC?

An oxygen molecule.

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What goes into the thylakoid membrane in Light Dependant Reactions?

Light and H2O.

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What is the byproduct of Light Dependant Reactions?

O2.

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What is made in the thylakoid membrane during LDR that is also used in the Calvin Cycle?

ATP that is only used in the Calvin Cycle and NADPH.

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What is a product of the Calvin Cycle?

G3P.

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What goes into the Calvin Cycle in Light Independent Reactions?

CO2.

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How many G3P to make 1 glucose?

2

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Where does the Calvin Cycle take place in the Chloroplast?

The Stroma.

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Where does the Light Independent Reaction take place in the Chloroplast?

The thylakoid in the Gramma.

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What is the Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

An enzyme that catalyzes CO2 to combine with RUBP.

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What happens to the RUBP/CO2 molecule after it combines?

It breaks into two low energy molecules.

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What does the ATP do to the low energy molecules in the Calvin Cycle?

It energizes it to make it a medium energy molecule then becomes ADP.

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Where does the ADP go from being used in the Calvin Cycle?

It returns to the LDR to become ATP again.

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What does the NADPH do to the medium energy molecules in the Calvin Cycle?

It energizes the molecule to convert it to G3P, then becomes NADP+.

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How many cycles does the Calvin Cycle need to go through to make 1 G3P?

3 cycles makes 1 G3P.

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How many G3P is equal to one glucose molecule?

2 G3P.

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How many G3P is needed to keep the cycle continuously moving?

5 G3P is needed at minimum to keep the cycle moving.

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When a G3P is released, what happens to the remaining 5?

ATP is used to rearrange it back into RUBP.

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What is the Gramma made up of?

4 Thylakoid Membranes stacked.

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What goes into the Photosystems in LDR?

Light.

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What happens to H2O in the LDR?

It gives its electrons to Photosystem 2, then is released as O2, and the remaining H+ goes into the chloroplast.

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What pumps H+ in Cellular Respiration and LDR?

Cytochromes.

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What is the difference between Linear and Non-linear flow of electrons in LDR?

Linear: When the electrons follow a linear path through the Chloroplast

Non-Linear: When the electrons jump from Photosystem 1, directly to the last cytochrome, cycling back to Photosystem 1.

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What is the purpose of pigments in LDR?

Pigments help absorb light energy.

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What are the products of the LDR?

NADPH, O2, and ATP.

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What is the Stomata?

The pores in the bottom of the leaf that takes in CO2, and releases O2.

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What does Anaerobic mean, and what systems are classified as Anaerobic?

Anaerobic means reactions that don’t need oxygen.

Systems that are anaerobic are: Glycolysis and Fermentation.

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What does Aerobic mean, and what systems are classified as Aerobic?

Aerobic means reactions that need oxygen.

Systems that are aerobic are: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, ETC.

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What is Chemiosmosis?

Pumping H+ into the intermembrane space, and H+ diffusing through the ATP synthase.

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What is a protongradient?

H+ flowing through the intermembrane space,

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What’s the difference between FADH2 and NADH?

FADH2 gives it’s electron later in the ETC cycle, creating less ATP.

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What does OIL RIG stand for? (Memorization tactic)

OIL: Oxidation is loss

RIG: Reduction is gain

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Which two apply to Photosynthesis?

Anabolic/Catabolic, Endergonic/Exergonic

Anabolic and Endergonic.

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Which two apply to Cell Respiration?

Anabolic/Catabolic, Endergonic/Exergonic

Catabolic and Exergonic.

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How does ATP give its energy?

By breaking off a phosphate to become ADP.

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What goes into Pyruvate Oxidation?

Pyruvate from Glycolysis.

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What are the products of Pyruvate Oxidation?

Acetyl that goes into the Krebs Cycle.

CO2 that is a byproduct of the Cycle.

NADH that goes to ETC.