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AP Biology for Mrs Patel's class LTHS - The enzyme material is mostly extra, found out after I made them it wasn't on the test.
What is an Anabolic Reaction?
A reaction that builds molecules and absorbs energy.
What makes a Chemical Reaction?
Molecule collisions.
What is a Catabolic Reaction?
A reaction that breaks molecules and releases energy.
What is an Endergonic Reaction?
A reaction where the product ends up with more energy than the reactant. Gains energy.
What is an Exergonic Reaction?
A reaction where the product ends up with less energy than the reactant. Loses energy.
How can you increase collisions?
By adding a catalyst (enzyme), increasing temp, increasing the concentration of reactants, or increasing pressure.
What is a Reactant?
The molecules present before the reaction takes place.
What is a Product?
The molecules present after the reaction takes place.
What does RXN mean?
Reaction.
What type of Macromolecule is an enzyme?
A protein.
What are proteins made up of?
Amino acids.
What is an enzyme?
A catalyst.
What is a spontaneous reaction?
Reactions that occur on their own.
What lowers activation energy in a reaction?
Enzymes.
What speeds up spontaneous reactions?
catalysts.
Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed enzyme use less energy?
A Catalyzed enzyme would use less energy.
Would a catalyzed or uncatalyzed enzyme use more energy?
An Uncatalyzed enzyme would use more energy.
What is the Allosteric site?
The regulation site on an enzyme.
What is the site on the back of the enzyme called?
The Allosteric site.
What is the site on the front of the enzyme called?
The active site.
What is an active site?
The site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs, and where the substrate binds in the forced reaction.
What is a substrate?
A substance which the enzyme forces a reaction onto.
What is the induced fit model?
Where the enzyme’s active site conforms to the substrate to force a reaction.
What does the substrate have to be in order to fit with the enzyme?
The right shape and charge (+ or -).
What is the primary level of protein structure?
The order of amino acids.
What is the secondary level of protein structure?
Folding that is based on R-group characteristics.
What is the tertiary level of protein structure?
More folding and like finding like.
What is the quaternary level of protein structure?
Binding of multiple polypeptides.
What are the two shapes folding creates?
Alpha helix and Beta pleat.
What is a polypeptide?
One strand of amino acids.
How does Substrate Concentration affect enzyme reaction rate?
As substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction increases until it slows down and reaches a steady rate.
How does Temperature affect enzyme reaction rate?
As the temp increases, the rate of reaction increases to an optimal point, after which the reaction rate decreases.
What happens if an enzyme is put in an environment with a temp higher than it’s optimal temp?
The enzyme will denature.
What happens if an enzyme denatures?
The enzyme will no longer function properly.
How does pH affect enzyme reaction rate?
As pH increases, the rate of reaction increases to an optimal pH, then the rate of reaction decreases.
What is pH?
The percent of Hx ions in the solution.
What happens to an enzyme outside of its optimal pH?
The enzyme denatures.
What is an inhibitor?
Molecules that stop or slow down enzyme function.
What do inhibitors do?
They help control the rate of reaction, they deactivate enzymes that are not needed, and reactivate enzymes that are needed.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Inhibitors that bind to an active site in place of a substrate. They can do this because they’re the same shape.
What is the purpose of a competitive inhibitor?
To slow down the rate of reaction by giving enzymes something in place of a substrate.
When dealing with competitive inhibitors, what determines the rate of reaction?
The concentration of the substrate vs the concentration of the competitive inhibitor.
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
An inhibitor that binds to the Allosteric site and changes the shape of the active site.
What happens when the active site’s shape is changed?
The enzyme can no longer react with the substrate.
Where does the non-competitive inhibitor bond on the enzyme?
To the Allosteric site on the back of the enzyme.
Where does the competitive inhibitor interact with the enzyme?
The active site on the front of the enzyme.
What does the arrow in a chemical reaction represent?
The reaction taking place.
What does an enzyme do with the product after the reaction occurs?
Releases the product.
What makes each enzyme different?
It’s active site.
What factors make a substrate and enzyme compatible?
Their shapes have to match up, and their charges have to be opposite.
How do enzymes affect activation energy?
They reduce activation energy, which increases rate of reaction.
What ways can amino acids vary in chemical properties?
They can be polar, non-polar, negatively charged, or positively charged.
What determines the tertiary structure of a protein?
Interactions between R groups.
How does increasing temperature initially affect enzyme activity?
Initially it raises enzyme activity levels.
What is the optimum temperature?
The temperature where the enzyme is most active.
What happens to enzyme activity level when temperature goes over the optimum level?
The activity level goes down.
Why can’t the substrate interact with the enzyme in an environment above it’s optimum temperature?
Because the enzyme deforms and isn’t able to fit the substrate anymore.
What is NADH called?
An energy carrier or a co-enzyme.
What’s the function of NADH?
To transfer electrons during Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, and the Krebs Cycle, to the ETC.
What does NAD+ turn into when transporting an electron?
NADH.
What does FAD turn into when transporting an electron?
FADH2.
What’s the waste product of the Krebs Cycle?
C02.
What provides energy for Active Transport?
Electron Transport.
What accepts the electrons at the end of ETC?
An oxygen molecule.
What goes into the thylakoid membrane in Light Dependant Reactions?
Light and H2O.
What is the byproduct of Light Dependant Reactions?
O2.
What is made in the thylakoid membrane during LDR that is also used in the Calvin Cycle?
ATP that is only used in the Calvin Cycle and NADPH.
What is a product of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P.
What goes into the Calvin Cycle in Light Independent Reactions?
CO2.
How many G3P to make 1 glucose?
2
Where does the Calvin Cycle take place in the Chloroplast?
The Stroma.
Where does the Light Independent Reaction take place in the Chloroplast?
The thylakoid in the Gramma.
What is the Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?
An enzyme that catalyzes CO2 to combine with RUBP.
What happens to the RUBP/CO2 molecule after it combines?
It breaks into two low energy molecules.
What does the ATP do to the low energy molecules in the Calvin Cycle?
It energizes it to make it a medium energy molecule then becomes ADP.
Where does the ADP go from being used in the Calvin Cycle?
It returns to the LDR to become ATP again.
What does the NADPH do to the medium energy molecules in the Calvin Cycle?
It energizes the molecule to convert it to G3P, then becomes NADP+.
How many cycles does the Calvin Cycle need to go through to make 1 G3P?
3 cycles makes 1 G3P.
How many G3P is equal to one glucose molecule?
2 G3P.
How many G3P is needed to keep the cycle continuously moving?
5 G3P is needed at minimum to keep the cycle moving.
When a G3P is released, what happens to the remaining 5?
ATP is used to rearrange it back into RUBP.
What is the Gramma made up of?
4 Thylakoid Membranes stacked.
What goes into the Photosystems in LDR?
Light.
What happens to H2O in the LDR?
It gives its electrons to Photosystem 2, then is released as O2, and the remaining H+ goes into the chloroplast.
What pumps H+ in Cellular Respiration and LDR?
Cytochromes.
What is the difference between Linear and Non-linear flow of electrons in LDR?
Linear: When the electrons follow a linear path through the Chloroplast
Non-Linear: When the electrons jump from Photosystem 1, directly to the last cytochrome, cycling back to Photosystem 1.
What is the purpose of pigments in LDR?
Pigments help absorb light energy.
What are the products of the LDR?
NADPH, O2, and ATP.
What is the Stomata?
The pores in the bottom of the leaf that takes in CO2, and releases O2.
What does Anaerobic mean, and what systems are classified as Anaerobic?
Anaerobic means reactions that don’t need oxygen.
Systems that are anaerobic are: Glycolysis and Fermentation.
What does Aerobic mean, and what systems are classified as Aerobic?
Aerobic means reactions that need oxygen.
Systems that are aerobic are: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, ETC.
What is Chemiosmosis?
Pumping H+ into the intermembrane space, and H+ diffusing through the ATP synthase.
What is a protongradient?
H+ flowing through the intermembrane space,
What’s the difference between FADH2 and NADH?
FADH2 gives it’s electron later in the ETC cycle, creating less ATP.
What does OIL RIG stand for? (Memorization tactic)
OIL: Oxidation is loss
RIG: Reduction is gain
Which two apply to Photosynthesis?
Anabolic/Catabolic, Endergonic/Exergonic
Anabolic and Endergonic.
Which two apply to Cell Respiration?
Anabolic/Catabolic, Endergonic/Exergonic
Catabolic and Exergonic.
How does ATP give its energy?
By breaking off a phosphate to become ADP.
What goes into Pyruvate Oxidation?
Pyruvate from Glycolysis.
What are the products of Pyruvate Oxidation?
Acetyl that goes into the Krebs Cycle.
CO2 that is a byproduct of the Cycle.
NADH that goes to ETC.
Note 
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