Exam 3: 4. Musculoskeletal System 3- Lower Limbs

What are the six major regions of the lower limb?

Gluteal region, Femoral region, Knee region, Leg region, Ankle (talocrural) region, Foot region.

Which bones are associated with the hip joint?

Ilium, Pubis, Ischium.

What bones are associated with the knee joint?

Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula.

What three primary bones form the pelvic girdle?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis.

What are the major anatomical landmarks of the femur?

Shaft, Head, Neck, Greater trochanter, Lesser trochanter, Medial condyle, Lateral condyle.

What actions are performed by the gluteus maximus?

Primary extensor of the hip, abduction, and lateral rotation of the hip.

What is the primary action of the gluteus medius?

Primary abductor of the hip, extensor and stabilizer of the hip.

What is the function of the iliopsoas muscle?

Hip flexion.

What are the components of the quadriceps muscle group?

Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius.

What is the primary action of the hamstrings?

Extend the thigh at the hip and flex the leg at the knee.

What are the major nerves supplying the lower limb?

Femoral, Tibial, Sciatic, Common Fibular, Obturator.

What is the popliteal fossa?

A diamond-shaped space posterior to the knee joint containing important vessels and nerves.

What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL), Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL), Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)?

Limits excessive medial rotation of the femur on tibia and prevents anterior movement of the tibia over femur.

What is Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS)?

An overuse injury characterized by anterior knee pain felt underneath the patella, common among young women and active individuals.

What are the main causes of abnormal tracking of the patella in PFPS?

Clinically measured static alignment, dynamic malalignment, abnormal muscle activation.

What is the Q-angle?

The angle between the line from the tibial tuberosity to the midpoint of the patella and the line from the ASIS to the midpoint of the patella.

What is the rehabilitation method for PFPS?

Physical therapy to strengthen lateral and medial quadriceps muscles, along with patient-specific treatment plans.

What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?

Plantarflex the ankle and flex the knee.

What is the main function of the soleus muscle?

Plantarflex the ankle.

What is the significance of the knee joint's menisci?

They provide stability and cushioning to the knee joint.

What is the role of the medial collateral ligament (MCL)?

Stabilizes the knee joint against valgus forces.

What is the role of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL)?

Stabilizes the knee joint against varus forces.

What causes pain in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?

Lateral displacement of the patella related to the femur.

What is the action of the adductor muscles in the medial thigh?

Adduction of the thigh at the hip.