PB 250 test 1

amyloplasts

Plastids that store starch

etioplasts

plastids that can be thought of as chloroplasts-in-waiting that can quickly produce the thylakoid membranes and pigments

plastoglobules

lipid bodies in the chromoplast

chromoplast

a colored plastid other than a chloroplast, typically containing a yellow or orange pigment

protoplast

The contents of a plant cell exclusive of the cell wall

apoplast

connected network of cell walls

symplast

The continuous network of cells in a tissue. Plasmodesmata allow substances to move from cell to cell here

plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

lignin

complex polymer as a "glue" (or is concrete a better metaphor) that greatly strengthens plant cell walls and causes challenges for the pulp and paper industry, secondary cell walls

pectin

cell wall molecules known for their large hydrodynamic volume

hemicelluloses

molecules that function to interconnect the cell wall components

cellulose

cell wall component consists of polymers of ß-1,4-linked glucose that assemble to form microfibrils made on the outer surface of the plasma membrane for structural support

phragmosome

sheet of cytoplasm that develops to enable the nucleus to move to the center of the cell prior to mitosis

preprophase band, mitotic spindle, phragmoplast

three microtubule-based structures that are involved in plant cell mitosis

preprophase band

predicts future location of cell plate

mitotic spindle

directs chromosome to opposite poles

phragmoplast

group of microtubules that moves outwards as it directs vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to form the cell plate

apical meristem

Undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells are formed

protoderm

Primary meristematic tissue that gives rise to epidermis.

ground meristem

ground tissue

parenchyma

living, primary, totipotency

chlorenchyma

parenchyma chloroplasts

aerenchyma

parenchyma air spaces

collenchyma

living, primary, totipotency, unevenly thickened, structural support

sclerenchyma

dead, primary and secondary, pits, structural support and protection

sclereids and fibers

sclerenchyma

totipotency

ability to regenerate any cell type, tissue, or organ, and even complete organisms throughout their lifetime.

primary

apical meristems (primary or secondary)

secondary

lateral meristems (primary or secondary)

tonoplast

The vacuolar membrane, contains many transport proteins to move substances in and out of the vacuole.

protein storage vacuoles

Seeds will have proteins stored

Lytic Vacuoles

PSVs convert to this to mobilize the proteins for the use of the germinating seed, found in vegetative cells

calcium oxalate crystals

accumulate in the vacuole, regulate bulk [Ca2+] in the cell, provide a protective function.

lamella membrane

between primary wall and plasma membrane

secondary cell wall

cellulose microfibrils differently oriented in each layer, cellulose and lignin

fibers

Molecules providing structural strength

gels

Molecules providing the background matrix

cross-linkers

Molecules linking molecules together

multilaminate

many alternating layers

dermal

external covering

vascular

long-distance transport

ground

everything else

dicot phloem fibers

soft fibers, tap roots, originate from embryonic root

monocot fibers

hard fibers, fibrous roots, primary root is short-lived, originate from base of stem

treachery elements

xylem, water and mineral conduction

sieve elements

phloem, lack nuclei, living

pits

lack secondary walls

companion cells

control sieve tube element function, living

pavement cells

epidermis parenchyma cells lacking chloroplasts

guard cells

epidermis leaves and stems, only part of epidermis that contains chloroplasts, pairs opening stoma

periderm

secondary growth, replaces epidermis, woody, lateral meristem

fibrous roots

arise from base of stem called adventitious roots

mucilage sheath

root tip lubrication

cell division, elongation, maturation

root development zones

procambium

A primary meristem of roots and shoots that forms the vascular tissue. distinct separated patches of cells

pericycle

The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.

vascular cambium

A lateral meristem generates the secondary xylem and phloem. It is a meristem of secondary growth. In roots, it arises from the undifferentiated procambium and the pericycle. continuous ring

phyllotaxy

Pattern of leaf initiation at the shoot apical meristem

pinnate venation

midrib with lateral veins and minor veins

palmate venation

several major veins radiate from base

leaflet

division of compound leaf

Rachis

extension of petiole that corresponds to midrib of an entire leaf

Petiolule

stalk attaching a leaflet to the rachis

eudicot mesophyl

palisade and spongy

midribs often have

collenchyma for structural reinforcement

eudicot bundle sheath cells

usually small or the same size as other vascular cells

eudicot stomata

more abundant on lower epidermis, randomly arranged

eudicot guard cells

randomly arranged

eudicot pavement cells

elaborated margins

monocot mesophyll

one type

monocot bundle sheath cells

enlarged for photosynthesis “Kranz Anatomy”

monocot stomata

evenly distributed on upper and lower epidermis

monocot pavement and guard cells

linear orientation

bulliform cells

grasses, dehydration stress water pressure drops here resulting in leaf folding

aquatic plants

stomata on upper epidermis only, less venation, mesophyll has large air spaces, buoyancy and oxygen storage

xerophyte plants

thick cuticle, epidermis multiple layers thick, stomata sunken and/or covered by trichomes, stomata primarily on lower epidermis

sun leaves

typically smaller in area with more mesophyll development

shade leaves

larger in area with less mesophyll development

spines

Leaves reduced in size, mostly sclerified cells

thorns

Stem branch modification, usually develop from an axillary bud

prickles

Modifications of epidermis of stems or leaves

tendrils

not homologous, originate from shoot, leaf, or root

bracts

modified leaves, brightly colored portions of poinsettias and dogwoods

spathes

bracts that surround flowers or inflorescences

abscission

falling leaves

node

attachment point to stem

internode

distance between two nodes

axillary bud

meristematic tissue that may occur in angle between leaf attachment point and stem

leaf traces

the vascular connections that develop between stems and leaves. These traces “connect” the stem with its leaves.

leaf primordia

leaves arise as this from the peripheral zone of the shoot apical meristem

leucoplast

colorless chloroplast

elaioplasts

store oil

aleuroplasts

store protein

to divide properly

nucleus in center, control plane, new cell wall

suberin

casparian strip made of

phytomere

includes node, leaf, internode, bud

anticlinal

Perpendicular to organ surface. Increases circumference

periclinal

Parallel to organ surface. Increases length

dicot root

X or star in center

monocot root

xylem ring, phloem around (pith)