Selecting Research Participants & Descriptive Research

Flashcards focusing on key concepts from the lecture on selecting research participants and descriptive research.

Sample

A subset of individuals in the population.

Sampling

The process by which a researcher selects a sample of participants for a study.

Probability Samples

A sample selected in such a way that the researcher can estimate an individual member of the population's statistical likelihood of being included.

Sampling Error

The difference in characteristics of the sample from those of the general population, affecting the study results.

Error of Estimation

The degree to which the results obtained from the sample are expected to deviate from the population as a whole.

Stratified Random Sampling

Dividing the population into subgroups and randomly selecting participants from each to ensure representation of particular characteristics.

Cluster Sampling

Randomly selecting naturally-occurring groupings or clusters of participants.

Multistage Cluster Sampling

Randomly sampling large clusters and then smaller clusters within those large clusters to obtain the final sample.

Systematic Sampling

A non-random sampling method that involves selecting every n-th individual for the sample.

Convenience Samples

Samples that include whichever participants are readily available, often used in exploratory research.

Quota Samples

A convenience sample in which the researcher ensures that certain kinds of participants are obtained in particular proportions.

Descriptive Research

Research that describes the characteristics or behaviors of a sample or population without testing hypotheses.

Demographic Research

Research that describes basic life events and experiences within a population, such as birth rates and migration.

Epidemiological Research

Research that describes death and disease in a population, focusing on prevalence and incidence.