D413 - Telecomm and Wireless Communications

Network

Interconnected collection of computers and communication devices

Node

Individual computer or device connected to a network

Host

Computer or device connected to a network that provides services

Advantages of Networking

Sharing equipment and data

Disadvantages of Networking

Personnel and cost increase, vulnerabilities to cyberattacks

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network that is usually confined to a single building and managed by a single entity. Example: Office Building

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Consists of two or more LANs connected with private or public communication lined within the same geographic area—for example, a computer network used by governmental employees of an entire city.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Consists of a large number of networks and PCs connected with private and public communication lines throughout many geographic areas; for example, computers used by the US government.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A small network, perhaps consisting of a single computer and mobile device.

Campus Area Network (CAN)

A network spread across multiple buildings in the same geographical location, much like a college campus.

Global Area Network (GAN)

Any network that spans multiple countries, for example, the Internet.

Star Topology

A topology that involves running cables from each node to connect a single point. The center is usually a device known as a hub.

Ring Topology

Common network topology with devices connected in a circular loop

Bus Topology

Network topology that uses a single cable or conductor to connect all nodes on the network.

Mesh Topology

A network topology where each node is connected to each of the other nodes. The number of cable paths rapidly increases as more nodes are added.

Centralized Administration

Methodology used to administer a client/server network

Decentralized Administration

Methodology used to administer a peer-to-peer network

Cloud Computing

Offers services including SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS

Private Cloud

Type of cloud that is not accessible to the general public

Public Cloud

Type of cloud that is accessible to the general public

Hybrid Cloud

Type of cloud that combines private and public cloud services

Network Operating System (NOS)

Provides a communication system between nodes. Examples include Windows Server 2008/2012/2016, Unix, and Linux.

Data Segments

Divided parts of data to be transmitted on a network

Protocol

Set of rules that controls communication between two nodes

MAC Address

Physical address used to identify a node on a network

IP Address

Logical address used to identify a node on a network

Media Converter

Converts one type of electrical signal into another

Repeater

Regenerates digital signals, allowing the network media to exceed its recommended length.

Hub

Provides a central connection point for a network

Gateway

Provides a connection between a local area network and the Internet

Bridge

Segments a larger network to reduce collisions

Switch

Serves as a central connection point and can provide network segmentation.

Router

Connects various networks together and provides alternate routes for data packets

IEEE

Organization that develops network media specifications

OSI Model

Guide for troubleshooting and designing networks

Binary Number System

Number system consisting of ones and zeros

IPv4 Addressing

Identification of hosts using four octets separated by periods

IPv6 Addressing

Identification of hosts using eight sets of hexadecimal numbers

DHCP

Automatically assigns IP addresses to workstations

TCP/IP

Suite of protocols used for communication between computers

DNS

Matches host and domain names to IP addresses

Bandwidth

A measurement of the network media's ability to carry data. The maximum theoretical capacity of a network communication link

Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full Duplex

Communication can occur in one of three modes:

Frequency

A measurement of the ability of network media to carry an electronic signal.

Simplex

Communication that occurs in one direction only.

Half Duplex

Communication occurs in both directions, but not at the same time.

Full Duplex

Communication that happens in two directions at the same time.

Near-End Crosstalk

A measurement of crosstalk at the near end, or send-ing end, of a cable.

Far-End Crosstalk (FEXT)

A measurement of reflective loss at the far end, or output end, of a cable.

Alien Crosstalk (AXT)

Crosstalk generated from network cables in close proximity to each other

Decibal

An electrical measurement that is used to express the amount of power or energy gained or lost.

Power over Ethernet (PoE)

A way of powering devices that consume small amounts of electrical energy, approximately 13 watts at 48 volts, over net-work cable.

fiber-optic cable

Cable that uses light guided through thin glass/plastic tubes, instead of electrical signals, to transmit data.

Wavelength

The total distance the electromagnetic wave or light wave travels during one full cycle.

Single-mode fiber-optic cable

Has a smaller core diameter than multimode fiber-optic cable and carries light farther and with less attenuation.

Modulation

The mixing of two radio signals, typically a carrier wave with a data signal.

Infrared

Used in line-of-sight transmissions and is not susceptible to radio interference.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Transmission technique used with wireless devices that use the 5-GHz radio band and can achieve a data rate as high as 54 Mbps. It divides the allotted frequency into channels similar to frequency hopping and direct sequencing. Digital.

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

An optical multiplexing technology that allows several different streams of data to travel down the same optical fiber simultaneously.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Divides the available bandwidth into frequency bands, and each band is used for a different communication channel. Analog or Digital.

Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

Which multiplexing technique transmits each signal from one input source via a single time slot through the creation of different slots?

Asynchronous Time-Division Multiplexing

Which category of multiplexing randomly allocates time slots to different data signals depending on the rate at which they are being generated from the source?

Needs

Which assessment is the first part of the design process?

Isolation

Which electrical system is required for network equipment according to industry standards?

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

A company is developing a television network to broadcast local news content using analog signals.

Which multiplexing technique should be used?

Time-division multiplexing

Which type of multiplexing is used to send and receive digital signals between connected devices?

Noise

Which factor contributes to signal attenuation?

Frequency

Which term is defined as the number of cycles a signal completes in one second?

phase

A wave position relative to a reference position.

spread spectrum

The radio transmission technique that subdivides the allocated frequency range into smaller units called channels.

frequency hopping and direct sequencing

The two types of spread-spectrum transmission techniques are:

spatial multiplexing

Transmitting two or more streams of data in the same frequency channel

IEEE 802.15

IEEE standard that describes the use of wireless personal area networks (WPANs)

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

An enhanced parity check that not only identifies when an error occurs but also corrects the error.

QoS (Quality of Service)

The result of specifications for guaranteeing data delivery within a certain period of time after their transmission. Developed to minimize latency.

Visible light waves

Which waves have higher frequencies than infrared transmission frequencies?

Low powered radio waves

Which type of waves are used in Bluetooth transmission?

Electric motors

What is a source of industrial noise?

A cable transmitting signals between 15 and 20 MHz

Which cable realizes noise protection with the use of foil shielding?

802.3

IEEE standard that describes the characteristics of various Ethernet technologies, such as 10 Mbps, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Giga-bit Ethernet.

Analog signal

A signal that has a continuous range of values, much like a wave.

Digital Signal

Signal that has discrete values of on or off.

Crosstalk

Interference that comes from neighboring conductors inside a wire's insulating jacket

Resistance

The opposition to direct current (DC)

Cat 5/5e Maximum Frequency Rating

100 MHz

Cat 6 Maximum Frequency Rating

250 MHz

Cat 6a Maximum Frequency Rating

500 MHz

Cat 7 Maximum Frequency Rating

600 MHz

Cat 5/5e Data Rate

100 Mbps/1000 Mbps (using 4 pairs)

Cat 6 - Data Rate

1 GBps

Cat 6a - Data Rate

10 Gbps

Cat 7 - Data Rate

10 Gbps

Cat 8 - Data Rate

40 Gbps

Auto-MDIX compliant device

Automatically reassigns the pin functions so that a crossover cable is not required for communication.

demodulation

The receiver separates the voice wave from the carrier wave.

Wireless Access Point (WAP)

Provides a connection between a wireless network and a cable-based network.

802.1x

A standard for authentication methods for wireless networking.

Service Set Identifier (SSID)

The user-supplied network name of a WLAN; it can generally be alphanumeric from 2 to 32 characters.

Parity check

A method of verifying the integrity of transmitted data.

Broadcast storm

When the number of collisions reaches a point that the network is flooded with a continuous number of collisions and rebroadcasts.