Unit 2 (1607-1754) APUSH

Act of Toleration

ensured religious freedom to Christion settlers of different denominations who settled in Massachusetts. (1649)

Antinomianism

interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; associated with Anne Hutchison

William Penn

a Quaker that founded Pennsylvania after receiving a charter from King Charles II to establish a colony where his people and others could live in peace and be free of persecution

John Smith

a captain famous for world travel; took control of Jamestown as a young man, organized the colony, and saved many people from death the next winter; coined the phrase “he who shall not work,shall not eat"; initiated attacks on Natives.

Pilgrims

English Puritans who founded the Plymouth colony in 1620.

King Philip’s(Metacom’s) War

under the leadership of Metacom, or King Philip, the Wampanoag destroyed colonial towns, the colonists destroyed native farms, leading to the most deadly of Indian Wars. the war was disastrous for the natives leading to few surviving the war, and those that did left New England.

Plymouth Colony

a colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Separatists in 1620. the Separatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed; they’re mission was to strip the England/Anglican Church from the remaining Catholic parts.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

chartered in 1629 and settled by about eleven thousand Puritans under the guidance of Governor John Winthrop. Winthrop declared that “we shall be as a city upon a hill," in which the Puritans of the Bay Colony would build a model religious community bases on Puritan beliefs and values.

Virginia House of Burgesses

the first legislative body in colonial America. it was made up of two representatives from each town, voted on by men who owned property. later, other colonies would adopt the House of Burgesses concept, creating self-governing bodies in the colonies.

Royal Colonies

colonies ruled by governors appointed by a king; Virginia, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, North Carolina, South Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Georgia.

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Indentured Servants

colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years (usually 5-7 years)

Middle Passage

a voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. the conditions of the ship from Africa to the west led to the list of thousands of lives.

Great Awakening

period of religious revival promoted by religious leaders such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; was against the securitization(secular: not religious/of God) of society

John Peter Zenger

printed a publication called the New York Weekly Journal which questioned the policies of the corrupt royal governor William S. Cosby; Zenger was sued and his court case was the basis for our freedom of speech and press; he was found not guilty (mostly because the people who were trying him agreed with his opinions of the governor)

Great Migration

beginning with 700 people led by governor John Winthrop, a great migration of Puritans from England brought over 20,000 people- mostly families - to New England over a ten-year period.

New England Confederation

a short-lived military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. established in 1643, its primary purpose was to unite the Puritan colonies against the Native Americans

Roger Williams

a Separatis leader and the founder of the colony of Providence Plantations, which became Rhode Island. he is the best remembered for his advocacy of religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Halfway Covenant

a Puritan church document; in 1662, allowed partial membership rights to person not yet converted into the Puritan church; it lessened the difference between the “elect” members of the church from the regular members; women soon made up a larger portion of the Puritan congregations

Charter or Liberties

a charter that outlined the rights of New York inhabitants and how the political structure was going to work (ex; only male land owners could vote, voting was held every three years, etc.)

John Rolfe

he was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married married Pocahontas). he discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export. which made Virginia and economically successful colony; he was killed in a Pequot attack.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief Metacom, also known and King Philip by the colonists, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers.

Puritans

non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. they received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

John Winthrop

governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; was instrumental in forming the colony’s government and shaping its legislative policy. he envisioned the colony, centered in present day Boston, as a “city upon a hill” from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

James Oglethorpe

a British general, a philanthropist, social reformer, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia; he hoped to settle Britain’s poor, especially those in debtor’s prison.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon and his men attacked Jamestown, Virginia and demanded the governor’s resignation; it was the first uprising in American colonies; though unsuccessful.

Proprietary Colonies

a colony in which the crown gave one or more individuals ownership to govern the land as they wished; ran under colonial charters

Navigation Acts

laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. these acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Headright System

a land grant program designed to attract settlers. tracts of land called “headrights” were offered to settlers who would come and work the land. a typical headright was 50 acres per person (including wives and servants).

Jonathan Edwards

an American theologian and congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the “Great Awakening.” he is known for his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon.

Subsistence Farming

form of farming in which nearly all the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family alive, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade. preindustrial agriculture peoples throughout the world would have traditionally practiced subsistence farming.

Enlightenment

an 18th century movement in Western philosophy. it was an age of optimism tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. it was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes.

Thomas Hooker

a Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. he wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

(1638) a civil covenant by the settlers establishing the system by which the river towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield agreed to govern themselves. the orders created an annual assembly of legislators provided for the election of a governor; it made a democratic government; it was the ***first constitution*** in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states’ charters and constitutions.

Anne Hutchinson

considered one of the earliest American feminists. was a spiritual leader in colonial Massachusetts who challenged male authority—and indirectly, acceptable gender roles—by preaching to both women and men, and by questioning Puritan teachings about salvation. her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. she displayed the importance of questioning male authority; founded the religion Antinomianism.

Quakers

a radical Protestant sect; wanted to restore the simplicity and spirituality of early Christianity. Pennsylvania was a refuge to them; Pacifists.

Jamestown

(in Virginia) the first permanent English settlement in North America. established in 1607, the colonists survived famine, disease, weather, and several conflicts with Native American Indians. Jamestown grew, expanded, and served as the capital of the Virginia Colony from 1607 until 1698.

Pocahontas

a native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powhatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas’ brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Metacom (King Philip)

a Wampanoag Chief who joined the Native American tribes to fight the colonists (King Philip’s War); he was the son of Massasoit, the chief who had created a harmonious relationship with the Pilgrims who first landed in New England in 1621.

Separatists

English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England; founded the Plymouth Colony and first form of government with the Mayflower Compact.

“City upon a hill”

how John Winthrop worded that the Puritans (from Boston, Massachusetts) would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

Mayflower Compact

the first written document establishing self-governance in what would become the United States. its framework was democratic in nature, with the signers electing a governor who executed laws based in majority rules.

Salutary Neglect

a period from 1607-1763 in which England did not strictly enforce Parliamentary laws, which allowed the colonies to flourish as als it independent states for many years

Joint Stock Company

a company made up of a group of shareholders. each shareholder invests some money in the company and in turn, receives a share of the company's profits. had been used successfully in various trading ventures in the past; reduced risk of individual inventures losing a lot of money it a voyage failed.

Glorious Revolution

bloodless revolution where James II was removed from the throne and replaced with William and Mary; permanently established Parliaments as the ruling power of England.

Triangular Trade

a series of triangular trade routes that carried British manufactured goods to Africa and the Colonies, Colonial products (like tobacco, indigo, sugar, and rice) to Europe, and slaves from Africa to the New World

George Whitefield

an English Anglican minister who toured the colonies, helping spread the Great Awakening.

Anglicization

the act of making something or someone English in either character or form. many English colonists adopted English customs, resulting in British-style houses and etiquette, as well as debt for the money spent on emulating the wealth of Britain.

Frame of Government

the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania was a constitution for the Providence of Pennsylvania, has a lasting historical importance as an important step in the development of American and world democracy.

Jamestown sucked because ___

it was a land full of disease and swamps; native territory; settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting and farming

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

•first war (1610-1614): ended in a peace treaty

•second war (1644-1646): native indians defeated

•significance: resulted in a defined boundary between the Indians and colonial lands that could only be crossed for official business with a special pass

Tobacco Plant

•Virginia’s gold and silver

•promoted plantation system which led to need for cheap and abundant labor

•first Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619

“Slave Codes”

•made blacks (and their children) property, or chattel, for life of white masters

•in some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write

•conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slaves for freedom

Types of England Colonies

•corporate colony (joint stock)

•proprietary colony

•royal colonies

Separatists vs Puritans

•Puritans: wanted to remain part of the Church of England but purify/strip it of any Catholic parts

•Separatists: did not want to be associated with the Church of England at all

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Maine(part of Massachusetts), Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

Middle Colonies

Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania

Chesapeake Colonies

Virginia, Maryland

•also part of the Southern Colonies^^

Southern Colonies

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, + Chesapeake Colonies (Virginia, Maryland)

Dominion of New England

(1686-1689) was an administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America. the dominion was a failure, because the colonies deeply resented being stripped of their traditional rights. 

Stono/Corto Rebellion

(1739) the largest and most significant slave rebellion in the British North American colonies, the Stono Rebellion revealed tensions that continued in slave states throughout the next century. 

Pequot War

fought between the Pequot Indians and English colonists of Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and Plymouth colonies; colonists won and nearly exterminated the Pequots.

New England Economics

•shipbuilding and manufacturing

•lumber

•fishing and whaling

•merchants/trade

Middle Colonies Economics

•Wheat and Corn

•Lumber

•Manufacturing

•Merchants/Trade

Southern Colonies Economics

•Plantation systems(Tobacco, rice, indigo)

•Forced labor(Indentured servants and slaves)

Middle Colonies Education

•Private and Church education

New England Colonies Education

•Education by mothers

•if a town had 50+ families, a school was required to be built

South Colonies Education

•Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

Colonial Politics

•Limited Self-Government

•Voting

•Freedom of Speech (thank you Peter Zenger)

Wheat and Corn was ____

“bread basket” of the colonies

Pennsylvania (facts)

•William Penn

•Quakers/Pacifists

•Liberal political ideas

•Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

Maryland (facts)

•only colony created to be Catholic

•Act of Toleration (the Catholics had to tolerate any other religion in Maryland)

Carolinas (facts)

•North Carolina: Tobacco

•South Carolina: rice and indigo

Georgia (facts)

•James Oglethorpe (founder)

•social experiment

•defensive buffer to Spanish Florida

•debtor’s colony

Virginia (facts)

•House of Burgesses (first legislative assembly)

•becomes royal colony in 1624

•Bacon’s Rebellion (inequities between large landowners and western farmers; Nathaniel Bacon vs William Berkeley)

Massachusetts Bay Colony (facts)

•Puritans

•John Winthrop/“city upon a hill”

•Puritans vs Separatists

Rhode Island (facts)

•Providence (Roger Williams - separation of church/state; full religious freedom)

•Portsmouth (Anne Hutchinson - exiled to Rhode Island due to heresy; created Antinomianism)

Connecticut (facts)

•Hartford (Thomas Hooker - voting/strict government)

•Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (first written constitution)

Iroquois Confederacy

was a loose political alliance of five Indian nations. impressed by the wisdom of this government, Europeans referred to them as the "Romans of the New World." the confederacy continued until it was finally destroyed during the American Revolution.

Bacon’s Rebellion led to _____

intensification of African slavery and the social separation of blacks and whites in Virginia.