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motivation
wants or needs that direct behavior to a goal
extrinsic motivation
arising from external factors (money, grades, etc)
intrinsic motivation
arising from internal factors (autonomy, mastery, purpose)
instinct
species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned
drive theory
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
habit
pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage
Yerkes-Dodson Law
simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower
self-efficacy
individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active
satiation
fullness; satisfaction
Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.
metabolic rate
Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions.
set-point theory
each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change
Alfred Kinsey
his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)
Masters and Johnson
psychologists; studied human sexual behavior, described four stages of sexual response, observed people having intercourse
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
excitement phase
the phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing
plateau phase
the second phase of the sexual response cycle, during which physical arousal continues to increase as the partners bodies prepare for orgasm
orgasm
one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by observed muscle contractions all over the body and further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates, followed by ejaculation in men and orgasm in women.
Resolution
return to unaroused state
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
emotion
subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings
components of emotion
physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience
James-Lange Theory
emotions arise from physiological arousal - heart pounding, then fear
Cannon-Bard Theory
The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously
Schachter-Singer Theory
A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.
polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).
Cognitive Meditational Model
Lazarus determined that emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
basolateral complex of the amygdala
critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning process and memory
central nucleus
plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity
cultural display rule
collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
