Psychology 2e Chapter 10

motivation

wants or needs that direct behavior to a goal

extrinsic motivation

arising from external factors (money, grades, etc)

intrinsic motivation

arising from internal factors (autonomy, mastery, purpose)

instinct

species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

habit

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

Yerkes-Dodson Law

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

self-efficacy

individual's belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

satiation

fullness; satisfaction

Leptin

A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite.

metabolic rate

Amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions.

set-point theory

each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change

Alfred Kinsey

his research described human sexual behavior and was controversial (for its methodology & findings)

Masters and Johnson

psychologists; studied human sexual behavior, described four stages of sexual response, observed people having intercourse

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

excitement phase

the phase of the sexual response cycle marked by changes in the pelvic region, general physical arousal, and increases in heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure, and rate of breathing

plateau phase

the second phase of the sexual response cycle, during which physical arousal continues to increase as the partners bodies prepare for orgasm

orgasm

one of the phases of the sexual response cycle; characterized by observed muscle contractions all over the body and further increases in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates, followed by ejaculation in men and orgasm in women.

Resolution

return to unaroused state

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

emotion

subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings

components of emotion

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

James-Lange Theory

emotions arise from physiological arousal - heart pounding, then fear

Cannon-Bard Theory

The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

Schachter-Singer Theory

A theory of emotion that states that both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced.

polygraph

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

Cognitive Meditational Model

Lazarus determined that emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

basolateral complex of the amygdala

critical for classical conditioning and for attaching emotional value to learning process and memory

central nucleus

plays a role in attention, and it has connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

cultural display rule

collection of culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable