Ch. 10. Urinary and Male Genital Systems

Urinary System (Renal System)

A group of organs that work together to remove waste from the body, maintain blood volume and pressure, regulate electrolyte and metabolite levels, and help control blood pH. Primary organs: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

Calico, calio

Calyx

Cysto

Filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder, urinary bladder

Dispo

Thirst

Glomerulo

Glomerulus

Hydro

Water, fluid

Keto

Ketone bodies

Litho

Calculus, stone

-lysis

Separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction

Nephro, reno

Kidney

Pyelo

Renal Pelvis

Trigo

Trigone region, kidney

Uro

Urine, urinary tract

Uretero

Ureter

Urethro

Urethra

uria

Urination or urinary conditino

Urino

Urine

Vesico

Urinary bladder

Andro

Male

Balano

Head of penis

Crypto

Hidden

Epididymo

Epididymis

Meato

Meatus, or opening

Orchio, Orchido

Testis

Peni, Phallo

Penis

Oscheo

Scrotum

Prostato

Prostate

Semino

Semen

Spermo, spermato

Spermatozoon

Testo

Testis,testicle

Vaso

Vessel, duct, vas deferens

Vesiculo

Seminal vesicle

Urologic System

4 parts for females and 5 parts for males. Consists of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra. For males, the prostate gland is included.

Dialysis

Device that withdraws blood, filters or cleans it of metabolic waste and returns it to the body.

Kidneys

Bean shaped organs, located near the middle of the back, just below the ribcage. Remove waste and excess fluid from the blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons.

Nephrons

Tiny filtering units in the kidneys, consists of a ball formed of small capillaries, called a glomerulus and a renal tubule.

Glomerulus

Tiny ball of capillaries located at the start of nephron in the kidneys.

Urea

Produced when food is broken down in the body. It’s carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys. Together with water and other waste substances, forms urine.

Ureters

Muscular tubes carrying urine from the kidney to the bladder. Originate in the renal pelvis and end in the bladder.

Pyelo

Renal Pelvis

Renal Pelvis

Expanded proximal end of the ureter where the ureter attaches to the kidney. Receives urine through the major calyces. Primary function is to act as a funnel for urine to pass to the ureter.

Pyelonephritis

Kidney infection

Ureterovesical Junction

Anatomical area where ureters join the bladder. 3 major components: Lower ureter, trigone muscle, and adjacent bladder wall.

Urinary Bladder

Hollow, muscular, expandable organ collecting urine. Sits on pelvic floor and is held in place by ligaments.

Urethra

Tube connecting the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. In males, it’s the conduit for fluid waste and semen.

Prostatic urethra

portion of the urethra that passes along the neck of the urinary bladder (vesical or bladder neck) and through the prostate gland. Designed to accept drainage from the tiny ducts within the prostate and equipped with 2 ejaculatory tubes.

Bladder Neck

Proximal opening of the urethra. In men, it’s adjacent to the prostate gland. If it does not open appropriately, it may become obstructed (common causes: enlarged prostate, vaginal or pelvic prolapse).

Male Reproductive Sytem

Consists of testicles, duct system (epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra), and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland and bulbourethral glands).

Testes

Produce and store sperm cells. Surrounded on front and sides by serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis. Part of the endocrine system, produces testosterone.

Tunica Vaginalis

The serous membrane surrounding the testicles.

Scrotum

Holds the testicles outside of the body. When the body is cold, the scrotum shrinks to hold the testes closer to the body and save heat; when it’s warm, the scrotum becomes larger to get rid of extra heat.

Spermatic Cord

Bundle of nerves and blood vessels that connect the testicles to the abdominal cavity.

Epididymis

Coiled tube within the scrotum that connects the testicles to the vas deferens.Sperm cells use their tails to push themselves from seminiferous tubules here complete their development.

Vas Deferens

A muscular tube that transports semen from the epididymis into the pelvis and then connects to the prostatic urethra. Aka sperm duct.

Seminal Vesicles

Pair of tubular sac like glands located behind the bladder and above the prostate gland. Measure about 5cm long and secrete much of the fluid that composes semen. Together with the prostate gland, known as the accessory sex glands that provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nutrients to sustain sperm.

Ejaculatory Duct

Short tube formed by the joining of the vas deferens and excretory duct of the seminal vesicles. Passes through the prostate and opens into the prostatic urethra. As semen passes through, it receives fluids from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.

Prostate gland

Surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra in a male. Partly muscular and partly glandular. Main function is to secrete liquid portion of the seminal fluid. Muscles of the prostate help propel the semen into the urethra.

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)

2 accessory glands located below the prostate. Secrete pre-ejaculatory fluid, which lubricates the urethra and neutralizes the acidity remaining from urine.

Penis

Made up of 2 parts: shaft and glands.

Shaft

Made up of 3 columns of erectile tissue: 2 columns are corpus cavernosa and the third is corpus spongiosum. Main pairt of the penis.

Corpus Spongiosum

Column that surrounds the urethra.

Glans

Tip or head of the penis. At the end is a small slit, where semen and urine exit the body.

Meatus

Slit at the end of the glans where semen and urine exit the body.

Foreskin

Loose skin covering the end of the penis. Aka prepuce.

Circumcision

Excision of the prepuce.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive disorder in which the kidneys are damaged and unable to function properly. 5 stages including (2 III substages). Irreversible. Waste, toxins and excess fluid start to build up in the body, and as the excess fluid builds up, blood pressure may begin to rise.

Hypertension

Can damage blood vessels throughout the body, particularly the arteries around the kidneys. aka high blood pressure.

End stage renal disease (ESRD)

Permanent kidney failure where function drops below 15 percent. The kidneys can no longer filter waste and extra water from the blood. Requires patient to begin dialysis.

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Measure how much blood is being filtered by the glomeruli, which are tiny filters in the nephrons of the kidney. The lower the GFR number, the worse the patient’s disease. CKD stages are bases on these lab findings.

Hemodialysis

Involves accessing bloodstream via a special surgical tunnel and passing the patient’s blood into an external machine that will remove the waste, toxins, and excess fluid. Typically done 3-4 times a week for a minimum of 4 hours.

Peritoneal Dialysis

Works by filling the abdomen with a fluid called dialysate, which works over an 8-24 hour period in the abdomen to pull toxins and waste from the blood via osmosis. The fluid must then be drained from the abdomen.

Acute renal failure or acute kidney injury

Rapid onset of failure in the kidney. Causes include: injury, severe illness, heart attack, anaphylaxis, and some medications. Can be reversed.

Urinary incontience

Inability to control urine leakage from the bladder. Causes can be anatomical, medical, or neurological. Different types include: stress, urge, mixed, overflow and functional. 2 most common are urge and stress.

Stress incontinence

Urinary incontinence that occurs with an activity such as coughing, sneezing, or exercise.

Urge Incontinence

Sudden urge to urinate followed by the involuntary release of urine.

Urodynamic Testing

A mix of tests: cystometrogram, bladder capacity, needle electromyography, stimulus evoked response, urethra pressure profile, voiding pressure, and/or uroflowmetry, Commonly done by a urologist or gynecologist.

Hydronephrosis

Dilation of the kidney and renal pelvis caused by excess fluid or urine accumulation due to an obstruction. Potential causes of obstruction include: urinary reflux, kidney stones or cancers.

Polyuria

The excessive production and passage of urine. It often occurs with increased thirst (polydipsia). Often a symptom of other conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Polydipsia

Increased thrist

Sprematocele

A cyst like or fluid filled sac found within the testicle and/or epididymis. These sacs are noncancerous collections of fluid and sperm that can be very small and are found incidentally on exam or can be large and cause pain and discomfort, requiring treatment.

-cele

Fluid filled sac appearing in an area of the body.

Hematocele

Blood filled sac found within the body area.

Hemato

Blood

Orchitis

Inflammation of a testicle

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis and is usually caused by an infection.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland, usually due to an infection. Can be acute or chronic. It causes painful or difficult urinination and occasionally flu-like symptoms.

Transurethral resection of the prostate

TURP

Endoscopy

Minimally invasive procedures that use an endoscope. Can be performed through natural opening or percutaneously.

Laparoscopy

A type of endoscopy used to examine the abdomen through small incision.

Ureteroscopy

Procedure that uses a thin scope inserted through the urethra to access the ureters.

Open Surgical Approach

Surgeon uses a scalpel to open the site under treatment, dissecting down to the site in question.

Laparotomy

Vertical incision

Pfannenstiel

Horizontal incision

Inguinal incision

A surgical cut made in the groin area, typically for procedures involving the testicles or spermatic cord.

-centesis

To puncture

-clasis

Surgical break or fracture

-desis

Surgical fixation, surgical binding

-ectomy

Surgical removal

-graphy

Imaging

-lysis

To free up