heimler apush unit 5

Manifest Destiny

1845-19th cent. notion Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent

Compromise of 1850

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Republican Party

1854 political party against expansion of slavery & consisted of antislavery Whigs and Democrats, abolitionists, Free-Soilers, Know Nothing Party

Battle of Vicksburg

Union victory along Mississippi River that successfully cut the Confederacy in half

Battle of Gettysburg

1863 turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win, huge death toll, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Reconstruction Acts

set of laws that divided the South into five districts under military control, increased requirement for Southern states to rejoin (ratify 14th and add male suffrage)

sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops, continued to tie poor blacks to white patronage (continued oppression, neo-slavery)

Compromise of 1877

ended Reconstruction, Hayes (Republican) would maintain presidency while federal troops would be removed from Southern states *more freedom for white supremacists to segregate the south

California Gold Rush

Mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

How did Texas become an independent republic?

As a Mexican territory, Americans were invited to settle and contribute to Mexico's economy. Most brought Protestantism and slaves with them, causing tension with Catholic and abolitionist Mexico. War ensued, resulting in a Texan victory ex. Battle of the Alamo (Mexicans won), Battle of San Jacinto (Texans won 1836)

Which territories/states were added during the Polk presidency?

Texas, Oregon, Mexican Cession

Mexican-American War

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas, wanted the Rio Grande as the American border

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War, established border + gave America Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico (rejected), highlighted slavery question

stances on slavery in the west

pro-slavery (southern position, slavery is a constitutional right), free-soil (Wilmot Proviso, abolitionists and whites who wanted no competition with black slaves for work), popular sovereignty (people decide)

nativist movement

Discrimination against immigrants (notably Irish and Germans), heavily anti-Catholic, sought to limit power of immigrants (Know-Nothing Party)

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty *broke the Missouri Compromise

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court ruling that declared slaves were not viewed as citizens but as property (law states that no man can be deprived of their property without legal process), no right to sue or be heard in court

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Confederate States of America

the 11 southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861, wanted to guard slavery

Union strategy in the Civil War

Take advantage of economic and naval superiority by blockading Southern ports and taking control of Mississippi River to split Confederate States in half (Anaconda Plan), manufactured weapons

Confederate strategy in the Civil War

solicit help from Britain and France due to their trade relationship (cotton), relied on taxes and tariffs for revenue

Emancipation Proclamation

1862 Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union, led to freed slaves running to Union borders and joining fight, changed scope of the war to slavery, not the nation -> British removed support (no need to fight a slave war)

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Appomattox Court House

Famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place in 1865

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States AND ratified the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery

Radical Republicans

Wing of the Republican Party that fought to extend equal civil rights to blacks and to establish political and economic punishments for seceded state

Black Codes

1865 Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War, undermined Reconstruction efforts

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It reunited families and helped them get jobs and secure social welfare

14th Amendment

1868, Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

How did Lincoln's assassination and Johnson's impeachment affect reconstruction?

Lincoln's successor Andrew Johnson was against giving rights to blacks, vetoing many Reconstruction efforts and ultimately impeached in 1868 to give Radical Republicans more power in leading Reconstruction

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race, led to a split in the women's rights movement over if they deserved to interrupt Reconstruction efforts by going against the Amendment

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.