Comparative Politics - Final Exam

Is the following a private, club, common, or public good? A public park with no entry fee.

Public

3 multiple choice options

Is the following a private, club, common, or public good? The state of California has the "Dream For All Shared Appreciation Loan" program. This is money allocated to help first time homeowners purchase a house through a down-payment loan that is repaid when the home is sold or transferred. The loan is distributed by lottery because there is a set amount of aid available every year.

Common

3 multiple choice options

Sarah notices that public grazing land ("common land") in the UK is lower quality than private land because it gets overused by people who have an individual interest in grazing as many cows as possible on the land so they can sell more livestock. This is an example of:

The tragedy of the commons

3 multiple choice options

Select the statement that is true for one of the videos you watched individually, or that we watched in class. There are multiple correct answers and you must only select one.

China created cities for people to move to as part of a state-economic plan

September 11th was most specifically an example of

Agitational Terror(ism)

3 multiple choice options

Violence against Tiananmen Square protesters is most specifically an example of ______. (you may google the event)

Enforcement Terror(ism)

What theoretical lens describing ethnicity does the following analysis use? Pay attention to the language in the underlined portion: "the Arusha process [an attempt to create a power-sharing government in Rwanda which included both Hutu and Tutsi] heightened tensions within élite circles and provided a channel through which aspirant élites could pursue highly dangerous goals using the language of ethnicity. In Rwanda, such goals tend to be pursued in a zero-sum or 'winner takes all' manner – state power is not easily shared in such circumstances" (Storey 2012) and thus the country spiraled into ethnic conflict and genocide.

Instrumentalism

What theoretical lens describing ethnicity does the following analysis use? Pay attention to the language in the underlined portion. The Arusha process, by incorporating Tutsis in the government, became an important motivation for the Hutu Power movement. The impending loss of power because of the new structural arrangement made ethnicity as a point of conflict even more potent than it was before.

Institutionalism

What theoretical lens describing ethnicity does the following analysis use? Pay attention to the language in the underlined portion. The deepest contributing cause to the Rwandan genocide was the manipulation of identity by Belgian colonial authorities. They required people to carry identification cards which identified them as Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa. Where before Hutu and Tutsi primarily referred to class, over time the divisions between the two groups was hardened to the point that many people saw themselves as part of a community separate from other communities. This creation of ethnic identity and the manipulation of it (e.g., favoring one group over another) resulted in alternating cycles of ethnic violence and animosity, eventually culminating in the genocide of primarily Tutsi by primarily Hutu.

Constructivism

What kind of democracies are most likely to experience electoral violence?

Unconsolidated

Which aspect of democratic consolidation does the following explanation of Ghana's 2016 elections demonstrate? In Ghana's 2016 election the incumbent candidate, John Mahama of the National Democratic Congress, was defeated by Nana Akufo-Addo. Mahama and his supporters largely did not contest the results because they believe in the country's democratic institutions to carry out fair elections and are committed to the importance of democracy.

Attitude

Approximately what percentage of elections experience deadly violence?

30

People are able to make their voice heard because they have institutional access to the regime, because there are elections, or because a significant event (e.g., perestroika) makes it easier or possible for people to mobilize together.

People or movements are able to explain what they are doing in a way that makes people understand why they are mobilizing. This usually involves the attribution of blame, i.e., making it so that people know who or what SPECIFICALLY they are protesting about.

People expect the incentives or rewards of participating in a revolution to be worth the personal risk of participating because of high value outcomes like democracy, freedom, or the end of repression.

1.

Payoff

2.

Opportunity

3.

Framing

According to Chenoweth, having a violent flank makes nonviolent protest campaigns more successful.

False

Does the following describe a necessary, sufficient, or necessary and sufficient cause for increasing maternal mortality? When US states institute abortion restrictions maternal mortality rises. This, however, is not the only reason maternal mortality rates increase.

Sufficient

Does the following describe a necessary, sufficient, or necessary and sufficient cause for revolutions that overthrow governments? In every revolution that successfully replaces a government there is mass mobilization. All attempted revolutions without mass mobilization fail. However, just because there is mass mobilization against a government does not mean that it will fall.

Necessary

Pay close attention to the bolded text. Is the following a triggering (proximate) cause or an underlying cause of WWI? Lindsay explains that the alliance structure of Europe meant that if Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia that the major powers in Europe would also declare war because of their alliances to either Serbia or Austria-Hungary. This meant that when the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated and Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, the other European powers soon followed.

Underlying

Tahrir Square is in what country?

Egypt

What were the protesters in Tahrir Square demanding in early 2011?

The fall of the Mubarek regime

Who, ultimately, met the demands of the Egyptian Revolution (2011 protests)?

The Military

Which of these traits made it more likely that a government would be overthrown during the Egyptian Revolution?

A military that looked like the general population

All Arab Spring protests were predominantly demanding democracy.

False

Monarchies were more durable during Arab Spring

True

Most-similar

Is the following comparison a 'most-similar' or a 'most-different' comparison? Charles is interested in how different electoral systems in democratic governments affects the environmental policy of conservative legislators. They hypothesize that PR systems that require conservatives to enter into coalitions will result in compromise on environmental issues, while first-past-the-post will encourage political polarization and allow conservatives to oppose pro-environment policies. To figure this out they choose the United States and Switzerland because both countries are democracies, have similar per-capita GDPs, and are both 'western.' However, the US and Switzerland differ on the key independent variable: democracy vs. PR. When investigating the two states he finds that conservatives in Switzerland do compromise more on environmental issues, which means that they can have some confidence that this is due to the kind of electoral system they have because other alternatives were eliminated.

What kind of representation is the following? Everett Dirkson (R) and Mike Mansfield(D) were co-sponsors of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that made it illegal to prevent African Americans from voting through practices like poll taxes and literacy tests.They were both white men.

Substantive

What kind of representation is the following? Nancy Witcher Astor was the first woman elected to the House of Commons in 1919. This meant that there was at least one woman who could represent other women in Parliament.

Descriptive

What kind of representation is the following? Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Indonesia(Ceylon, at the time) was the first woman to become head of state as the result of a democratic election when she became Prime Minister.

Descriptive

What kind of representation is the following? The lead sponsors of the Women's Health Protection Act, which would make abortion legal throughout the United States, are Judy Chu (D-CA), Lois Frankel (D-FL), Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), and Veronica Escobar (D-TX). These women co-sponsored the bill because they believe it is in the best interests of women that abortion access be protected.

Substantive

According to Barnes and Burchard, descriptive representation in Africa results in

Increased political participation by women.