ap biology final exam review

endocytosis

ingestion of large particles

exocytosis

secretion of large particles

phagocytosis

ingesting food

pinocytosis

ingesting liquid

isotonic

equal rates of osmosis

hypotonic

bloated cell (more solute inside cell than outside)

hypertonic

shriveled cell (less solute inside cell than outside)

peripheral protein

type of membrane protein that temporarily attaches to lipid

integral protein

types of membrane protein that permanently attaches to cell membrane

anabolic reactions

endergonic; products have more free energy than reactants ; non spontaneous

catabolic reactions

exergonic; products have less free energy than reactants; spontaneous

rate of reaction is influenced by

pH, temperature, enzyme & substrate concentrations, activators and inhibitors

activators

stabilize active form and help substrate fit

coenzyme

organic activator

cofact

inorganic activator

inhibitors

stabilize the inactive form

competitive inhibitor

binds directly to the active site and competes directly

allosteric/noncompetitive inhibitor

binds to a different part of the enzyme other than the active site, causing the active site to change shape

stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, prep rxn, krebs/citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

net gain of glycolysis?

2 ATP and 2 NADH

fermentation

when pyruvate at the end of glycolysis is converted into ethanol in bacteria and llactate in animal cells; anaerobic process

where does prep rxn occur?

mitochondria

pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate → 2 acetyl CoA

where does krebs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

net gain of krebs cycle?

2 ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH_²

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

mitochondrial matrix

what does the etc do?

uses all 10 NADH and 2 FADH₂ to pump H+ from low to high concentration

final electron acceptor in etc?

oxygen

chemiosmosis

makes 32-34 ATP; diffuses H+ through ATP synthase

phosphofructokinase/pfk

allosteric enzyme that controls rate of glycolysis and krebs cycle; inhibited by ATP

photosynthesis rxn

6CO_{2 +} 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

light-dependent reaction

uses photosystems II and I to absorb sunlight and accept electrons; makes 1 net ATP

calvin cycle

occurs in stroma; NADPH, ATP, and CO2 from light rxn is used to build G3P