Bio Midterm

What is a independent variable

The variable that is changed by the investigator, it is the variable that is thought to have an impact on the dependent variable.

What is the dependent variable

This is the variable that is measured, counted, or recorded by the investigator.

Standardized variable?

These are the variables that are kept the same in all treatments.

What is the experimental treatment ?

The experimental treatment is the one where the indecent variable is manipulated.

What is the control treatment?

Where the indecent variable is either eliminated or set at standard value.

Gram to KG

1kg=1000g

1000g=1kg

Celcius to Fahrenheit

F=(Cx1.8)+32

Fahrenheit to Celcius

C=(F-32) ÷1.8

When to use a line graph

To compare changes in a dependent variable when the independent variable is continuous.

When to use a bar graph

To compare outcomes between different groups.

What do enzymes do?

Enzymes speed up the rate of chemical reactions.

What is a catalyst

A stubstance involved in, but not consumed in, a chemical reactions.

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary to break the chemical bonds in reactants and form new chemical bonds in the products.

What is the active site?

The area in which bonds of the reactants are broken down.

What is a substrate?

The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Enzymes are…

Substrate spefic, meaning that they only catalyze specific reactions.

Catechol

Small amounts of the substate catechol occur naturally in fruits and vegetables, along with the enzyme catecholase.

Catalase

A common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen ( such as bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.

Amylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch into simple sugars.

negative and positive control

Negative- lacks the independent variable to prove that nothing should happen when there is no effect

Positive- contains all the necessary elements of an experiment to confirm that there is an effect when there should be an effect

How to calculate total magnification

TM= (ocular lens magnification)x (objective lens magnification)

Example- TM= (10X) x (4X)= 40X

What is a prokaryote

A prokaryote is a single-celled organism whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What is a eukaryotes

A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain a true, membrane-bound nucleus that houses its DNA, along with membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions.

Key features of eukaryotic cells:

• DNA enclosed within a nucleus

• Presence of organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and (in plants) chloroplasts

• Generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

• Can be single-celled or multicellul

Key characteristics of prokaryotes

• No nucleus: DNA is free in the cytoplasm (nucleoid region).

• No membrane-bound organelles: No mitochondria, ER, or Golgi.

• Single-celled: Always unicellular organisms.

• Circular DNA: Usually one main circular chromosome.

• Cell wall usually present: In bacteria, made of peptidoglycan.

• Reproduce by binary fission: Asexual cell division.

• Small and simple cells: Much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

What are bacteria?

Small, prokaryotic cells that can be found anywhere and everywhere

Cocci

Spherical

Bacilli

Rod shaped

Spirillum

Spiral-shaped

Adipose

Simple Squamous

Ciliated Columnar

connective Tissue

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

4 main tissue types

Epiththelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue

Epithelial

Covers the outside of organs, lines body surfaces, and cavities of the body.

Simple vs Stratified epithelium

Simple- Inly composed of one layer of calls

Stratified- Composed of numerous layers

Squamous

Flat epithelial cell

Cuboidal

Cubed-shaped

Columnar

Tall and narrow

Cartilaginous tissue

Can be found in ears, nose, joins and provides structural support.

Blood

Type of fluid connective tissue made of up of RBCs(erythrocytes) WBCs(leukocytes) and fluid (Plasma)

3 types of muscle

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Skeletal muscle

Responsible for voluntary movements ex: jumping

Cardiac muscle

Exclusive to the heart, responsible for the involuntary contraction

Smooth muscle cle

Responsible for involuntary control and line the walls of many organs, tubes and the digestive tract.

Nervous tissue

Consits of specialized cells that send and achieve electrical signals throughout the body, The primary cell is the neuron. The ;argue structure containing the nucleus is the cell body.

Dendrites

Extend from the cell body which receives signals and transfer the impulse down a long thread-like structure called an axon.

Organism and ATP

There are three ways an organism can make ATP, aerobic cell respiration, anaerobic cell respiration or fermentation.

Luchens

Represent a mutalisitt symbiotic relationship between several types of fungi and either algae or cyanobacteria.

Substates VS enzymes

• Enzyme = a protein catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up.

• Substrate = the molecule the enzyme acts on.

Mitochondria

• Known as the powerhouse of the cell

• Function: produce ATP (energy) through cellular respiration

• Found in: plant and animal cells

Chloroplasts

• Found only in plants and some protists

• Function: perform photosynthesis to make glucose using sunlight

• Contain chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color

• Also have their own DNA