Love and Relationships Classical Civilisation

What monument shows what wealthy women wore?

The funerary monument of Hegeso in the Kerameikos in Athens

What was a stele

A relief sculpture with an image and/or an inscription

What painting gives us an idea of the power in a Roman relationship given to the wife

Portrait of the Baker Terentius Neo and his wife

What was the oikos in Greece?

The Ancient Greek household; this would include not only the family and their slaves but also property and possessions

How can we gain an understanding of what was considered the ideal Greek female form through art

Marble statue of Aphrodite of Cnidus, said to be so beautiful she reversed the decision of a law court by exposing her breasts

How in Aristophanes Lysistrata do we learn Greek views on how women felt about sex

that women were sex-obsessed and couldn't survive without it as they attempted to withhold sex to stop their husbands from fighting but they could not

Through Roman vases at what stages do we see women present in a Greek man's life

The important stages of a man's life: at his birth, sending him off to war, his marriage and mourning his death

What is source of evidence of a Greek vase showing a women's part in a man's life

This Greek vase showing a woman watching as a man leaves for battle

What does virtus men for Roman men

'courage' or 'virtue' a defining concept in the life of a roman man

Was was cursus honorum

a system of political offices in the Senate in Rome, elected annually

How would Roman men move up the political ladder

through a stint in the military

What was a crucial skill to Roman men

the skill of public speaking

What concept was most important in a Roman woman's life?

Pudicitia

Define Pudicitia

'chastity' or 'sexual modesty'; this is the ideal quality of a Roman woman, especially from the upper classes

How can we learn how Roman women were expected to dress from statues

This statue shows Augustus' wife, Livia, dress modestly in a stola but due to its thin nature still showing a hint of sexuality- the epitome of what was expected of a Roman woman

What was a stola

the typical dress worn by a Roman woman which we very thin, the perfect combination of modesty and sexual suggestiveness

What was the name for head of an Ancient Greek oikos

Kyrios

Who was the head of the Ancient Greek oikos in charge of

The women, children and unmarried female relatives in the oikos

How old were Greek girls when they got married

11-14

What was a new Greek wife expected to do in the Oikos

expected to take care care of the day-to-day administration of the ancient Oikos under close supervision of her husband; controlling the income of the Oikos, organising the slaves, working wool and raising children

Who were counted as Roman citizens

both men and women born to Roman citizens

What Roman men do that Roman women couldn't

hold public office and vote in elections or serve in the military

How did Roman Women gain influence the political office

Through relationships with men in office, such as Livia, the wife of Augustus such as her ensuring her son Tiberias would become emperor after Augustus' death

What was the name of the male head of the Roman household?

paterfamilias

What was the legal power of the head of the Roman household called?

patria potestas

How would the inheritance of the head of the Roman household be split after his death

It would be shared equally between all their descendants, no matter their age or gender

What would happen to a Roman household if its head passed and had no male heirs

His wife would take a similar role but with men to advise her

What could Roman women do with their money that Greek women could no?

They could legally own property and start businesses, making their own money

Where do we find similarities in the life of a Roman woman to that of a Greek woman

They would still be in charge of the household, expected to manage slaves, make clothes through spinning and weaving, look after and educate children and help with her husbands business as well as being present when her husband had guests to show modesty and virtue

What did Greek fathers say as they married off their daughter

"I give you my daughter to sow for the purpose of producing legitimate children"

What was a Roman marriage were the husband gained power over the wife

Cum manu

What was a Roman marriage in which the wife remained under the power of her father

Sine manu

What were the two purposes of Roman marriage

the production legitimate heirs and to make political alliances

What were examples of the joys of Greek marriage in epic poetry

Penelope and Odysseus and Hector and Andromache

What evidence do we have of people in Rome marrying for political alliances

"[Tiberius] was forced to divorce [Agrippina]...and immediately marry Augustus' daughter, Julia"- Suetonius said this in 'The Life of Tiberius'

What evidence do we have that some Romans did marry for love

"She loves me.. [and] she gained a literary interest from her devotion to me. For these reasons, I live in the most certain hope that union will be everlasting and will increase day by day" Pliny the Younger said this in his letter

what was the Julian Law

A law introduced by a member of the Julian family which set down specific rules aimed at encouraging marriage and birth of children i.e: put in place specific legal benefits for married couples who had 3 or more children

What was the name for the adult in a pederastic relationship

Erastes

What was the name of the boy in a pederastic relationship

Eromenos

Where did sexual encounters between men and boys often take place?

Gymansium

What was a symposium?

A party with only male guests. There would be a feast and them drinking and often discussions

What was a room only used by the Kyrios and his guests at symposiums

Andron

Whose Greek wife tried to divorce him for his relationships with prostitutes but he simply picked her up from court and took her home

Alcibiades

Whom could men in Roman times engage in sexual relations with other than their wives?

Infames- people who, because of their profession or conduct, held no legal standing in Roman society; this class included prostitutes, actors and gladiators

What evidence do we have that it was acceptable for Roman men to engage in sexual relations with Infames

Horace says that the Roman statesman Cato once commented on the virtue of a man who had come out of a brothel saying:

"It is right that young men descend on this place rather than Meddle with the wives of others!"

What happened in Ancient Greece if women were caught committing adultery?

Their husband was forced to divorce them, and if they did not they faced being prosecuted as this adultery threatened the paternity in the Oikos and therefore threatened the state

What were the punishments for Roman citizens committing adultery decreed by Julian law

both parties would be exiled and sent to separate islands and their property confiscated, and the woman's husband was expected to divorce her or he would face prosecution

What did Tacitus say on Augustus exiling his own daughter

Both of the [Augustus] banished from Rome and he punished their lovers with death or exile. Indeed, in giving what was a common fault... the serious title of 'religious blasphemy' and 'treason', he went beyond forbearance of our ancestors and even beyond his own laws