CCMA Mod 2 Respiratory, Endocrine, and Nervous Systems

nose

made of bones, cartilage and skin. contains small hairs called cilia to prevent large particles from entering

pharynx

during respiration, air enters through the nose and mouth into here. this is also part of the digestive system

larynx

superior to the trachea, produces person’s voice

trachea

extends from the larynx and branches into bronchi, lined with cilia, also called the windpipe

lungs

two coned shape organs located in the chest, containing bronchi, alveoli, and blood vessels. right side has 3 lobes, left side has 2 lobes, surrounded by a membrane called pleura

external respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs

internal respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the hemoglobin of a red blood cell

inhalation

diaphragm contracts, chest expands

exhalation

diaphragm relaxes, chest contracts

brain

coordinates most body activities and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, and judgment. divided into four lobes

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

four lobes of the brain

spinal cord

provides a pathway for nerve impulses traveling to and from the brain and extends from the base of the brain the the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column

peripheral nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off the spinal cord. carry nerve signals between the body and the brain

neuron

the functional unit of the nervous system

dendrites

multiple branching structures

axon

stores neurotransmitters

central nervous system (CNS)

includes the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

peripheral nerves found throughout the body

somatic nervous system PNS

controls body’s voluntary (skeletal) muscles

autonomic nervous system

controls body’s automatic functions like breathing and digestion

afferent neurons

carry information about the body’s environment to the CNS

efferent neurons

carry responses from the CNS to the body to initiate action

sympathetic nervous system

controls fight or flight response to stress

parasympathetic nervous system

returns the body to resting state after stress has been resolved and is responsible for maintaining homeostasis

hormones

chemicals used by the body to increase or decrease activity of the hormone’s specific target cells

exocrine glands

release hormones into a duct for delivery to the target cells

endocrine glands

release hormones directly into the blood stream