a&p lab organs, systems, and organization of the body

exercise 2

11 organ systems:

1. reproductive

2. urinary

3. nervous

4. muscular

5. respiratory

6. skeletal

7. lymphatic

8. integumentary

9. digestive

10. endocrine

11. circulatory

reproductive system

• the gonads (testes and ovaries) contain sex producing cells

• the accessory organs (uterus, vagina, penis, etc) play a part in the transport of sex cells and fetus development

urinary system

• kidneys are the filters of the body

• urinary bladder is storage organ

  • urethra connects the 2

  • urethra is exit tube from the body

• plays an important role in:

  • ridding the body of nitrogenous wastes

  • adjusting the chemical balance of body fluids

  • maintaining blood volume

nervous system

• consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• coordinates body regions, interprets environmental cues, and integrates info

muscular system

• individual muscles make up the organs in this system

• move and strengthen joints + generate heat

  • along with other functions like abdominal compression

respiratory system

• nose, larynx, trachea, and lungs make up this system

• lungs exchange gases (O & CO2) between blood and air

skeletal system

• each bone is considered an organ (with blood vessels and nerves in each)

• supports the body, protects delicate organs, and produces blood

lymphatic system

• lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils are a part of this system

• major system function is to protect the body from foreign particles (bacteria, viruses, and fungi)

• cells from here make up the immune system

  • functional system of cells that protect the body

integumentary system

• skin is the largest organ of the body (and makes up most of this system)

  • hair follicles, hair, nails, and skin glands are also in this system

• protects the body from microorganisms, prevents drying out, and produces vitamin D

digestive system

• mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, and intestines

• provides nutrients and water to the body and removes waste

endocrine system

• composed of organs that produce hormones

  • hormones are vital in regulating growth and development + maintaing internal body condition

• thyroid and adrenal glands are endocrine glands (secrete with no ducts)

• pancreas and gonads have dual functions- endo & exocrine

circulatory system

• heart, blood, and vessels

  • heart is the pump of the system

  • blood vessels are delivery and return portion

• primarily involved in transporting oxygen, CO2, and more throughout the body

anatomical position

• body is upright, facing forward

• arms and legs are straight

• palms facing forward

• feet flat on ground

• eye open

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the midline

lateral

toward the side

superficial

toward the surface

deep

toward the core

anterior (ventral)

to the front

posterior (dorsal)

to the back

proximal

for extremities- meaning near the trunk

distal

for extremitities- meaning away from the trunk

frontal plane

• vertical plane that divides body in front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

transverse plane

• horizontal plane that divides body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections

sagittal plane

• divides body into left and right sections

1. cranial

2. …

3. vertebral

4. thoracic

5. diaphragm

6. abdominal

7. pelvic

cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral canal

encloses the spinal cord

thoracic cavity

superior to diaphragm, housing the lungs and mediastinum

• mediastinum: contains heart, pericardial membranes (large vessels that go with the heart), trachea, and esophagus

abdominopelvic cavity

inferior to diaphragm, split into 2 smaller cavities- abdominal and pelvic

9 abdominal regions:

1. right hypochondriac

2. epigastric

3. left hypochondriac

4. right lumbar

5. umbilical

6. left lumbar

7. right iliac

8. hypogastric

9. left iliac

4 quadrants:

1. right upper

2. left upper

3. right lower

4. left lower