BIOL 117: Module 5

Are animals prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms?

Eukaryotic.

Do we consider the phylogeny of animals to be monophyletic or paraphyletic?

Monophyletic.

Are animals unicellular, multicellular, or are both present in this group?

They are multicellular.

How do animals obtain nutrients?

The consumption of other organisms.

Are animals autotrophic or heterotrophic?

Heterotrophic.

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that can make their own food.

What are heterotrophs?

Organisms that get their food by consuming other organisms.

How do we explain the evolution of animals from choanoflagellates?

Sponges shared characteristics with chanoflagellates.

What is asymmtry?

No symmetry.

What is radial symmetry?

Symmetry around a central point.

What is bilateral symmetry?

Organisms can be divided into two, making a mirrored image.

What is a blastula?

A hollow, single-layered ball of cells.

What is a gastrula?

The ball of cells develops three germ layers around it.

What is the ectoderm?

The outermost layer of cells.

What does the ectoderm become?

Skin, nervous system, and reproductive organs.

What is the mesoderm?

The middle layer of cells.

What does the mesoderm become?

Circulatory system, muscle, bones, and other organs.

What is the endoderm?

The inner layer of cells.

What does the endoderm become?

Lining of the digestive tract.

What does it mean to be diploblastic?

They produce two germ layers excluding the mesoderm.

What does it mean to be triploblastic?

Have three germ layers.

What does it mean for an organism to have an incomplete digestive system?

The digestive cavity has an opening.

What is the placement of the three germ layer and empty space in acolomates?

Acolomates have no enclosed body cavity.

What is the placement of the three germ layer and empty space in coelomates?

They have an enclosed body cavity complelty lined with mesoderm.

What is the placement of the three germ layer and empty space in psuedocoelomates?

They have an enclosed body cavity partially lined with mesoderm.

What are the major differences between protostomes and deutrostomes?

\--Protstomes have embryonic development of mouth before anus.

\--Deuterostomes have embryonic development of anus before mouth.

What are the four features of chordata?

Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, coelomic, and segment body.

Do these features need to be present at every developmental stage for the animal to be considered a chordate?

No, these features don’t need to be present.

Are all chordates vertebrates?

No, not all chordates are vertebrates.

Why do we say that an amniotic egg is an evolutionary innovation that allowed life to move from water to land?

It increases the likelihood of survival of the eggs in a terrestrial environment.

What are the three major groups of mammals?

Monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.

Which phylum features a complex nervous system, but not segmentation or jointed appendages?

Arthropoda.

What are examples of porifera?

Sponges.

What are examples of cnidaria?

Jellyfish, coral, anemones, and hydra.

What are examples of nematoda?

Roundworms and eyeworms.

What are examples of platyhelminthes?

Flatworms and tapeworms.

What are examples of molluska?

Clams, octopus, squid, and snails.

What are examples of annelida?

Earthworms, polychaetes, and leeches.

What are examples of arthopoda?

Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, and millipedes.

What are examples of echinodermata?

Starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.

What does chordata include?

Chordates.