protestant reformation! (copy)

vocab and some of its influences

Gutenberg Printing Press

A revolutionary invention in the 15th century that allowed for the mass production of texts, helped spread Protestant ideas by making religious texts more accessible to the public.

Christian humanism

Christian humanism combines Christian values with humanist principles

• focuses on human dignity and moral responsibility through faith

• emphasizes the importance of studying classical texts & the Bible to promote individual understanding and spiritual growth

Indulgences

Payments made to the Church

• believed that people could pay off their and/or their loved one’s sins to reduce time in purgatory

• This wasn’t true and people were often scammed and exploited

• highly criticized in the Reformation (especially by Martin Luther in 95 theses)

Martin Luther; who was he, what did he do, and what were the effects of his actions?

Martin Luther was a German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church's practices.

He wrote the 95 Theses, which criticized church practices like indulgences, leading to significant changes in Christianity.

His actions sparked the Protestant Reformation, leading to the formation of various Protestant churches and transforming the course of Christian history.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation who opposed Martin Luther and upheld the Catholic Church's authority, convening the Diet of Worms to address Luther's teachings.

Vernacular language

The local language of a region as opposed to Latin, allowing religious texts to be accessible to the general population during the Reformation. (Italian)

Desiderius Erasmus

A Dutch philosopher and theologian, Erasmus was a key figure of the Reformation who criticized church abuses and advocated for Reform. He emphasized education and the importance of the Bible, contributing to the development of humanism.

German peasant revolts

A series of uprisings in the early 16th century where German peasants sought to improve their social and economic conditions, fueled in part by the ideals of the Reformation. They were influenced by Luther, but he shut it down immediately.

Peace of Augsburg

A treaty signed in 1555 that allowed German princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism as the official religion of their territories, marking a significant point in the religious conflict of the Reformation.

John Calvin

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation, Calvin was a French theologian whose teachings emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God. He established a theocratic government in Geneva & formed a Protestant branch called Calvinism

Doctrine of Predestination

The theological concept that God has already chosen those whom he intends to save, emphasizing that salvation depends on God's will rather than individual actions.

Council of Trent

A council that took place between 1545 and 1563, it addressed issues raised by the Protestant Reformation and initiated reforms within the Catholic Church. Didn’t change much, made more priests more literate, and cleaned up indulgences a bit.

Anabaptists

Christian reform movement that emerged in the 16th century

• advocated for believer baptism (the practice of baptizing only those who can consciously declare their faith) and rejecting infant baptism.

• often persecuted for their beliefs, leading to the establishment of various groups such as the Mennonites and Amish.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII was the King of England was known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. His desire to divorce from Catherine of Aragon led to the English Reformation, which established the monarch as the Supreme Head of the Church of England.

Anglican Church

The Anglican Church played a significant role in the English Reformation, establishing the Church of England and breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, although tenets did not differ greatly & was created mainly for political reasons.

Impact on Music/Chorale

The Protestant Reformation led to the popularization of chorales, which are hymns intended for congregational singing. This movement emphasized the importance of music in worship, encouraging the composition of hymns in the vernacular, allowing ordinary people to participate in singing

Witch Trials

Additionally, the Reformation contributed to the conditions that fueled witch hunts, as religious fervor and suspicion of heresy led to increased persecution of individuals accused of witchcraft. (Heresy-  going against the Church (worst punishment was to be burned)

Power of Church

• The Church owned over ⅓ of land in Europe, and only the Church could read the Bible.

• Increased taxes, but not all people got to see where their money was going

• Only the Church and higher-ups could read; no way to see if it was accurate

• Controls information and is not accessible, but eventually was translated to a vernacular language.

How “GOD” influenced colonization

Because the Reformation led to many people leaving Catholicism, the Church lost money. So instead of trying to bring reformers back, they decided to fund exploration to impose Catholicism on new individuals.