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diffusion
the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
the energy for diffusion comes from
the kinetic energy of random movement of molecules and ions
some substances move in and out using the
cell membrane
factors influencing diffusion
temperature, surface area, thickness of diffusion surface, concentration gradient, ph level, size of particles
osmosis
the net movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential to low water potential through a partially-permeable membrane
why is water a crucial solvent?
aids digestion by helping enzymes break down food and facilitating nutrient absorption
in excretion, it helps dissolve the waste products of metabolism
in transport, is a key part of plasma, carries substances through the body
maintains cell structure, supports cellular processes and regulates body temperature
turgid cells
vacuole is pushing all the space and pushing at the cell wall to give the cell its shape
plant is stiff and upright
flaccid cells
not putting enough pressure on the cell wall to hold the shape
plant is not stiff
plasmolysed
cell membrane and cell wall have detached from each other
hypertonic
low concentration compared to the cell
hypotonic
high concentration compared to the cell
isotonic
almost equal concentration compared to the cell
active transport
low to high concentration
using ATP which is released during aerobic respiration
through a protein channel in the cell membran
active transport in the root cells
allows plants to absorb mineral ions, which are necessary for healthy growth, even though the concentration of minerals is usually lower in the soil than in the root hair
