States of Matter, Changes of State, and Behavior of Fluids

a state of matter that has a definite shape and volume.

solid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

liquid

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

gas

The change in state from a solid to a liquid

melting

The change of state from a liquid to a solid

freezing

The change of state from a liquid to a gas throughout the substance.

boiling

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas at the surface.

Evaporation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

Condensation

A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

Sublimation

A change directly from the gas to the solid state without becoming a liquid

Deposition

Processes that occur when particles lose energy, slow down, and come closer together.

Freezing, Condensation, Deposition

Processes that occur when particles gain energy, speed up, and spread out.

Melting, Evaporation/Boiling, Sublimation

Freezing point of water

0 Celsius, 32 Fahrenheit

Boiling point of water

100 Celsius, 212 Fahrenheit

Movement of particles in a solid

Vibrate in a fixed position

Movement of particles in a liquid

slide past one another

Movement of particles in a gas

move freely

conserved during changes of state

mass

type of energy gained or lost during changes of state

kinetic

Amount of energy in a solid

least amount of kinetic energy

Amount of energy in a liquid

moderate amount of kinetic energy

Amount of energy in a gas

Most amount of kinetic energy

A characteristic of liquids

They can flow

All matter is made of atoms or groups of atoms that are in constant motion.

Kinetic Theory of Matter

To change a substance from one state to another

Energy must be added or removed, Motion of the particles changes, and space between the particles changes

Change in temperature and Change of State

Can not happen at the same time

Energy is conserved into or from the environment

During a change of state

Example of melting

Ice cube becoming water

Example of freezing

Water becoming an ice cube

Example of Condensation

Dew on the grass

Example of Evaporation

Puddle

Example of boiling

Water in a pot on the stove

Example of sublimation

Dry Ice

Example of Deposition

Ice Crystals on a window

The process that includes evaporation and boiling

Vaporization

The amount of matter during a change of state

conserved or stays the same

Solid to Liquid Opposites

Melting and Freezing

Liquid to Gas Opposites

Condensation and Vaporization

Solid to Gas Opposites

Sublimation and Deposition

The three most common states of matter

solid, liquid, and gas

Pressure Formula

= force ÷ area

Denisty Formula

= mass ÷ volume

Decreases with Higher Altitude due to less particles in the air.

Atmospheric Pressure

the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object

Buoyant Force

the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Archimedes' Principle

When force is applied to a confined fluid, the change in pressure, is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid

Pascal's Principle

used to force a liquid up and expel it under pressure like the heart or a toothpaste or ketchup container.

Force Pump

Increase in pressure

1. Increase in force to the same area
2. Decrease in an area with the same force
3. Decrease in volume
4. Increase in temperature

Decrease in pressure

1. Decrease in force to the same area
2. Increase in an area with the same force
3. Increase in volume
4. Decrease in temperature

the total kinetic energy of all particles in a substance

Thermal energy

the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance

Temperature

the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object

Heat

the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of the substance 1 degree Celsius.

Specific Heat

Heats up and Cools down Faster like sand

Low Specific Heat

Heats up and Cools down Slower like water

High Specific Heat

Fourth state of matter that happens only at extreme temperatures like stars, lightning, and neon lights.

Plasma

particles arranged in a 3D repeating pattern like minerals.

Crystalline Solids

the particles are not arranged in a 3D repeating pattern like plastic.

Amorphous Solids

A liquid's resistance to flowing

Viscosity

flows slowly

High Viscosity

flows quickly

Low Viscosity

the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid

Surface tension