Blood metacognition L4

1.What are the functions of blood?

Carries throughout the body: 

respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, hormones cells of immune system and helps body regulate temp. 

2.What is the average volume of blood in males and females?

5-6 L in adult males 

4-6 L in adult females

What are the cellular and liquid components of blood?

• Nonliving fluid matrix called the plasma

• Formed elements: living cells ( erythrocytes, leukocytes & thrombocytes)  suspended in the plasma 

4.Describe all three layers that form when you spin blood in a centrifuge.

• Buffy coat: contains leukocytes and platelets 

• Hematocrit: the percentage of the blood volume that consists of erythrocytes

• Plasma: 55% total volume

• In order from top to bottom it is plasma, Buffy coat and then hematatocrit aka RBC

5.What are 8 of the 100 different substances that are dissolved in suspended in plasma?

90% of water 

• Ions , nutrients , gases, hormones , wastes, metabolites, electrolytes, and proteins

6.Name and describe the 3 main blood plasma proteins.

• Albumin: contributes to plasma osmotic pressure,which helps keep water from diffusion out of the bloodstream into the extracellular matrix of tissue 

• Globulins: include both antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper 

• Fibrinogen: functions in clotting 

7.What are the functions of the 3 formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets) in blood?

Transport oxygen and a small percentage of carbon dioxide

Part of the body’s nonspecific defense and the immune system

Hemostatis: Blood clot Formation

8.What are the unusual characteristics of blood?

• Neither erythrocytes (lack nuclei and organelles) or platelets ( which are cell fragments and true cells.

• Only leukocytes are considered true cells

• Most of the blood cells cannot divide; they survive in the bloodstream for only a short time before being replaced by the division of precursor cells in the bone marrow

9.Mature RBC have no organelles or nuclei, so what is in their cytoplasm?

Instead their cytoplasm is filled with hemoglobin- an oxygen carrying protein

10. What are the special structural characteristics of erythrocytes that contributes to their respiratory function?

1) Without organelles and discounting water, RBCs are 97%

hemoglobin (Each RBC contains ~280 million hemoglobins!!!)

2) Their biconcave shape 30% more surface area for rapid diffusion of oxygen.

3) Generate their energy anaerobically...thereby conserving any oxygen they pick up

11. How do leukocytes leave capillaries?

Diapedesis: process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries

12. What are the 5 leukocytes? Which have granules? Know the function of each of the 5 types of Leukocytes.

Granulocytes 

• Neutrophil: granules, Phagocytize and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in an

 Inflammatory response

• Eosinophils: granules, Ends allergic reactions by phagocytosing allergens 

Ends parasitic infections by releasing parasite digesting  enzymes in the digestive 

system   

• Basophils: Granules secrete histamines (mediating inflammation) during allergic

 response and parasitic infections 

Agranulocytes 

• Lymphocytes: The most important cells of the immune system; most are found in 

lymphoid tissue; effective in fighting infectious organisms and act against a specific

Molecule (antigen)

• Monocytes : Transform into macrophages… phagocytic cells that possess pseudopods and ingest a wide variety of foreign cells, molecules, and tiny pieces of debris

13. What are the 2 main classes of lymphocytes? What does each one do?

Two main classes of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells

B cells: multiply to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies (proteins that mark specific antigens for destruction by macrophages); mostly attack bacteria and bacterial toxins 

T cells (killer T-lymphocytes): attack foreign eukaryotic cells directly; bind to antigen-bearing cells and punch holes in its membrane…which triggers apoptosis

14. What is the function of platelets? What do platelets break off from?

Function

: in clotting of blood by adhering to collagen near the edges

of tears in blood vessels and by releasing chemicals that attract

clotting proteins, cause vasoconstriction, and initiate inflammation

• breaking off from larger cells called megakaryocytes

15. What is hematopoiesis?

Hematopoiesis: the process by which blood cells are formed; begins in the early embryo and continues throughout life

16. What is a hematopoietic stem cell? What does it make?

hematopoietic stem cell, which divide continuously and make 2 types of progenitor cells:

a)Lymphoid stem cells:Give rise to lymphocytes

b) Myeloid stem cells : give rise to all other blood cells