Personality and Psychological Disorders

These flashcards cover essential concepts from the lecture on personality theories and psychological disorders.

What does personality refer to?

Personality refers to our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

What are the four main approaches to studying personality?

The four main approaches are the Psychodynamic Approach, Humanistic Approach, Trait Approach, and Social Cognitive Approach.

Who developed the psychoanalytic theory and what did it focus on?

Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory, which focused on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.

What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?

The three structures are the Id, Ego, and Superego.

What is the pleasure principle in Freud's theory?

The pleasure principle is the driving force of the Id, seeking immediate gratification.

What is the reality principle?

The reality principle is the governing principle of the Ego that takes into account the real world and social norms.

What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development?

The psychosexual stages are the Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.

What is fixation in psychology?

Fixation is an enduring focus on a particular erogenous zone due to unresolved conflicts during childhood stages.

What is the difference between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard?

Unconditional positive regard is acceptance without conditions, while conditional positive regard is given only when one meets certain conditions.

What is the Big Five model of personality?

The Big Five model includes Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion.

What defines a psychological disorder?

A psychological disorder is an ongoing pattern of thinking, feeling, and/or behaving that causes distress and interferes with functioning.

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

The biopsychosocial approach indicates that psychological disorders result from biological, psychological, and social factors.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situational factors in assessing behavior.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Cognitive dissonance is the psychological tension that occurs when our attitudes, thoughts, or beliefs do not match up.

What is the bystander effect?

The bystander effect is the phenomenon where the presence of others discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency situation.

What is groupthink?

Groupthink is a phenomenon where group decisions are made without critical reasoning or evaluation of alternatives.