Genes and Cellular Function

In gene expression, the order of nucleotides in the DNA molecule encodes the order of _______ in cellular proteins

Amino acids

In eukaryotes, what nucleic acid carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

mRNA

During the process of _______, a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide is synthesized when amino acids are brought to the ribosome by tRNA molecules in an order dictated by the _______ on mRNA

Translation; codons

In transcription, adenine on a DNA template strand with what base on the growing mRNA strand

Uracil

A tRNA molecule contains a triplet of nucleotides called the _______, which binds to a complementary codon on an mRNA molecule during translation

Anticodon

Each group of three nucleotides on mRNA is called a _______ and specifies one _______ monomer of a polypeptide

Codon; Amino acid

What enzyme adds RNA nucleotides to a growing mRNA strand during transcription

RNA polymerase

In living organism, information for making proteins flows from

DNA to RNA to protein

Mendelian Genetics

It deals with parent-offspring and large family relationships to discern and predict patterns of inheritance within a family line

Cytogenetics

It uses techniques of cytology and microscopy to study chromosomes and their relationship to hereditary traits

Molecular Genetics

It uses techniques of biochemistry to study DNA structure and function

In the nucleus of a typical human cell, there are 46 DNA filaments. Which term refers to one of these structures

Chromosome

Which of the following can be considered the essential function of RNA

To use the instructions coded in DNA to synthesize proteins

An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of molecule of RNA, and that in most cases codes for one or more proteins is called a

Gene

In which of the following sub disciplines of genetics are family relationships analyzed to predict patterns of inheritance within a family line

Mendelian genetics

What determines the amino acid sequence of a protein

The nucleotide sequence in DNA

Which of the following are components of nucleotides

-Sugars (ribose or deoxyribose)

-Phosphate groups

-Nitrogenous bases

Which statement best summarizes the role of DNA in protein synthesis

DNA contains the genetic code that determines the amino acid sequences of proteins

In the nucleus of a dividing cell, the chromatin condenses so that each ________, now made of two sister chromatids, can be seen with a light microscope

Chromosome

Which of the following are characteristics of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

-It plays an important role in the production of proteins

-It contains nitrogenous bases A, U, C, G

-It leaves the nucleus and can be found in cytoplasm

Where does transcription take place

In the nucleus

The enzyme RNA polymerase participates in which of the following processes

Transcription

Which molecule contains introns and exons

Pre-mRNA

Where does the making of mRNA from DNA take place

In the nucleus

Which term refers to the step of protein synthesis in which mRNA is "read" to make protein

Translation

Where does translation take place

On a ribosome

Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from a molecule of _______ to mRNA

DNA

Which enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA

RNA polymerase

How does newly synthesized mRNA pass from within the membrane-bound nucleus into the cytosol

It passes through nuclear pores

Following transcription, only some portions of the mRNA code for the final protein. The sections of mRNA that contain necessary code are called ________, whereas the mRNA sections that do not code for the final protein are called _______

Exons; Introns

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis

It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Which term refers to the conversion of nucleotide sequences into amino acid sequences

Translation

Which of the following refers to a 3-base sequence found in tRNA

Anticodon

The nuclear envelope is perforated with openings called ________ that regulate the movement of molecules through the envelope

Nuclear pores

T/F; Proteins that must be packaged into a lysosome or secreted from the cells are synthesized on free ribosome

False: Proteins that must be packaged into lysosomes or exported outside the cell are synthesized in ribosomes bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which molecule carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

mRNA

T/F: Genes produce their products nonstop, 24-hours a day

False: Recall that genes can be turned on and off from day to day, even hour to hour, as their products are needed or not, and many genes are permanently turned off in any given cell. Some genes for example are present but inactive in some cells

During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) binds which molecule in the cytosol and delivers it to the ribosome

Amino acid

There are no genes that directly code for ______

-Phospholipids

-Steroids

-Glycogen

The process by which a cell makes a cope of its DNA, creating two new strands is referred to as which of the following

Replication

At one end of each tRNA there is a sequence of three nucleotides known as the _______. This sequence is complementary to the bases on mRNA

Anticodon

The law of complementary base pairing states that a cell can do which of the following

Reproduce one strand of DNA based on information in the other

Any change in the structure of a chromosome of a DNA molecule, often resulting in a change of structure or function in the protein produced, is known as

Mutation

T/F: There are no genes for glycogen, fat, steroids, phospholipids, and many other compounds, yet their synthesis is under indirect genetic control

True

The process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA so it can give complete and identical copies of all of its genes to each daughter cell is

DNA replication

Indicate which of the following are functions of mitosis

-It allows growth of all tissues and organs after birth

-It allows development of an individual, composed of some 50 trillion cells, from a one-celled fertilized egg

-It repairs damaged tissues

-It replaces the cells that die with new ones

T/F: It is possible to predict the sequence of one strand of DNA if we know the sequence of the complementary strand

True

When do cells divide

-When they have replicated their DNA, so they can give each daughter cell a duplicate set of genes

-When neighboring cells die, opening up space in a tissue to be occupied by new cells

-When they grow large enough to have enough cytoplasm to distribute to their two daughter cells

Exposure to chemicals and radiation may lead to changes in DNA structure called

Mutations

Which term means the transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

Heredity

Place the phases of the cell cycle in the correct order

G1- S- G2- M

One member of each ________ pair of chromosomes is inherited from the individual's mother and the other from the father

Homologous

Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them

Genes encode enzymes that synthesize these products

Indicate which of the following is true with regard to recessive

-There expression is masked in the presence of a dominant allele

-They are expressed only when present on both of the homologous chromosomes

The form of cell division in which a cell divides once and produces two genetically identical daughter cells is known as

Mitosis

ABO blood type is a trait that demonstrates which type of inheritance

Multiple allele

T/F: Cells start dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells or when growth factors are withdrawn

False: Recall that cells stop dividing when they snugly contact neighboring cells (contact inhibition) or when nutrients or growth factors are withdrawn

Eye color and skin color are traits determined by genes at multiple loci. They are examples of which type of inheritance

Polygenic inheritance

Males are more likely than females to inherit a genetic disease if the gene for it is which of the following

X-linked

Cells contain pairs of chromosomes. Since they are the same size and shape and also code for the same information, each pair of chromosomes is called which of the following

Homologous chromosomes

T/F:Dominant alleles are always more common in the gene pool than recessive allele

False: Recall that dominance and recessiveness have little to do with how common an allele is.

Which type of allele will mask the expression of a recessive allele in a heterozygote

Dominant

A term that means the percentage of a population with a given genotype that actually exhibits the predicted phenotype is

Penetracne

Which term refers to a type of inheritance in which three or more alleles exist for the same gene

Multiple allele inheritance

Epigenetic effects _______

-Cause a stem cell to become a liver cell

-Can cause cancer

-Can cause obesity

Which type of inheritance is a phenomenon in which two or more genes contribute to a single phenotypic trait

Polygenic

If the mother is carrier for hemophilia (X-linked trait) but the father does not have this condition, what is the chance that they will have a child with hemophilia

25%

Which of the following statements is true regarding type O blood

-Individuals with type O blood are homozygous for this trait

-It is caused by the recessive allele

A genotype does not inevitably produce a phenotype. Which term refers to the percentage of a population with a given genotype that exhibits a predicted phenotype

Penetrance

Epigenetic effects alter

Gene expression

Haploid

Sperm Cell, 1n, Egg Cell , Garmete

Diploid

Liver Cell, 23 Homologous Pairs, Somatic Cell, Skin Cell, 2n

Place the following terms in order of the structures they describe starting with the largest

1. Liver cell (hepatocyte)

2. Nucleus

3. Genome

4. Chromosome

5. Complete single molecule

6. Nucleosome

7. Base triplet

8. Nucleotide

Transcription

-DNA to RNA

-Occurs in the nucleus

-Synthesis of mRNA

-Synthesis of codons

-Requires RNA polymerase

Translation

-Requires ribosomes

-Anticodons

-Polyribosomes

-Can include rough ER

-Creates primary protein structure

-Occurs in the cytoplasm

-Synthesis an amino acid chain

Mitosis Phases

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

DNA

-Deoxyribonucleic acid

-Double stranded

-Contains genes, Includes adenina, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

-Relatively larger

-Duplicated prior to mitosis

RNA

-Ribonucleic acid, Includes adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

-The "result" of transcription

-Includes "transfer" and "messenger" subgroups

-Used directly in translation

T/F: Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth

True

What is the product of transcription

mRNA

Prophase

The chromosomes become visible and condense

Metaphase

The double-stranded chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell

Anaphase

The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate and move away from each other

Telophase

The chromosomes uncoil as the nuclear envelope starts to form

What happens when a stop codon is encountered in the mRNA

The ribosomal complex falls apart and the protein is released into the cell

What is the name for the three letter sequence being "read" during translation

Codon