Nervous System Review Ch. 18 The Brain and Cranial Nerves Megee

Brain Stem (Inferior to Superior)

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

Dienchephalon consists of

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

falx cerebri

Separates the cerebellar hemispheres

falx cerebelli

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

tentorium cerebelli

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

Fluid layer of protection, covers the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid

Circulation route of CSF

a) third ventricle located between the right and left halves of the thalamus

b) right and left lateral ventricles located in the two cerebral hemispheres

c) fourth ventricle located between the brain stem and the cerebellum

b, a, c

The CSF contributes to homeostasis in three main ways

mechanical protection, chemical protection, circulation

T/F: choroid plexuses are located in the walls of all ventricles

True

these networks of capillaries are covered by ependymal cells which produce the CSF from blood plasma by filtration and secretion

Choroid plexuses

CSF produced in the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles flows into the third ventricle via the ____

interventricular foramina

fluid then flows into the fourth ventricle via the ____

aqueduct of the midbrain

CSF then flows into the subarachnoid space via

One median aperture and two lateral aperture

CSF is then gradually reabsorbed into the blood through fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid called _____ ______

arachnoid villi

On the anterior side of the medulla are two _________ ________ which contain the largest motor tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal chord

Medullary pyramids

Just superior to the medulla-spinal cord junction, 90% of the axons in each pyramid cross over to the opposite side. This crossing over is called the ____________

decussation of pyramids

Contains the cardiovascular center, rhythmicity area of the respiratory center, and center that control the reflexes for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

The medulla

These nuclei receive sensory fibers from ascending do you mind? I'm trying to do voice to text. Oh my God I should just leave it.

Enjoy this little interruption lol

These nuclei receive sensory fibers from ascending tracts and relay the sensory information via the medial lemniscus to the thalamus on the opposite side

cuneate nucleus

-Superior to the medulla and is about 2.5 cm long, consists of nuclei and tracts.

-Bridges parts of the brain with each other, connections are provided by axons that are organized into tracts.

Pons

What area contains the pneumotaxic area and the apneustic area which help control respiration?

Pons

The cerebral peduncles are found on the anterior portion of the ________

Midbrain

_______ serve as reflex centers for movements of the head, neck and eye in response to visual stimuli

Superior colliculi

_____ help relay auditory information from the ears to the thalamus and also serve as reflex centers for movements of the head and trunk in response in response to auditory stimuli

inferior colliculi

A large portion of the brainstem is a region called the

Reticular formation

The reticular formation contains the reticular activating system, which is responsible for

Maintaining consciousness and awakening from sleep, it does so by rousing the cerebral cortex in response to incoming sensory signals

_____ Is concerned with subconscious movements of skeletal muscles

Anterior lobe of the cerebellum

The central constricted area of the cerebellum is called the

Vermis

_______ of the cerebellum is also concerned with subconscious movements of skeletal muscles

Posterior lobe

The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by three pairs of

Cerebellar peduncles

inferior cerebellar peduncles connect the

cerebellum to the medulla

middle cerebellar peduncles contain axons that extend from the

pons to the cerebellum

superior cerebellar peduncles contain axons that extend from the

cerebellum into the midbrain and to the thalamus

The main functions of the _______ is to smooth and coordinate sequences of skeletal muscle contractions required for skilled movements and to regulate posture and balance

Cerebellum

________ is superior to the midbrain, is about 3 cm long, and constitutes about 80% of the diencephalon

Thalamus

T/F the thalamus is the major relay station for sensory impulses transmitted to the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord, brain, stem, and midbrain

True

T/F: The thalamus does not provide crude perception of pain, temp, and pressure

False

T/F the thalamus helps regulate autonomic activities and the maintenance of consciousness

True

One of the major regulators of homeostasis; it's chief functions are:

-control of the autonomic nervous system

-production of hormones

-regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns

-regulation of eating and drinking

-regulation of body temp

-regulation of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

hypothalamus

Consists of the pineal gland which secretes melatonin, and is believed to promote sleepiness; and the habenular nuclei, which are involved in olfaction, especially emotional responses toward odors.

Epithalamus