IB 131 Final

What does the term 'anatomical position' refer to?

Standing erect with feet flat, eyes facing forward, and palms anteriorly.

What is the function of serous membranes?

To line serous cavities and reduce friction between organs.

What are the four main body cavities?

Dorsal body cavity, Ventral body cavity, Thoracic cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity.

What is the significance of the midsagittal plane?

It divides the body into equal left and right halves.

What does 'proximal' refer to in anatomical terminology?

Closer to the point of attachment or origin.

What is the definition of 'abdominopelvic cavity'?

The cavity that contains the abdominal and pelvic organs.

What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

Above or higher in position.

What is the anatomical term for the back of the body?

Posterior.

What is the role of the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity?

It contains the heart and pericardial cavity.

What does 'ventral' refer to in anatomical terminology?

The front or belly side of the body.

What is the function of the pericardial cavity?

To house the heart and reduce friction during heartbeats.

What is the significance of the term 'ipsilateral'?

Referring to the same side of the body.

What is the anatomical term for the limbs?

Appendicular.

What does 'distal' mean in anatomical terms?

Farther from the point of attachment or origin.

What are the four basic tissue types?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

Protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, and sensory reception.

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Cellularity, tight cell junctions, polarity, support by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration.

What are the two classifications of epithelial tissue based on cell layers?

Simple and stratified.

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Facilitates diffusion and filtration.

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

In kidney tubules and secretory portions of small glands.

What is the role of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Secretion of mucin and propulsion of mucus.

What are the main classes of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood.

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

Support, storage, and transportation of nutrients.

What are fibroblasts?

The primary cell type that produces the extracellular matrix in connective tissue.

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?

Collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.

What is areolar connective tissue?

A type of loose connective tissue that underlies epithelial tissue and surrounds small nerves and blood vessels.

What distinguishes dense connective tissue from loose connective tissue?

Dense connective tissue contains more and thicker collagen fibers.

What is the integumentary system composed of?

Skin, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and skin appendages.

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Epidermis and dermis.

What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?

Protection against abrasion and penetration.

What is keratin?

A fibrous protein produced by keratinocytes that provides physical and mechanical protection.

What is the role of melanocytes in the epidermis?

To produce melanin, which gives skin its color.

What is the function of dendritic cells in the epidermis?

To initiate immune responses.

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

What type of connective tissue is adipose tissue?

A type of loose connective tissue that stores fat.

What is the function of collagen fibers?

To resist tension and provide strength to tissues.

What is the ground substance in connective tissue?

The gel-like material that cushions and protects body structures.

What is the primary role of sebaceous glands?

To secrete oil (sebum) that lubricates the skin.

What type of epithelium is found in the lining of the digestive tract?

Simple columnar epithelium.

What is the main function of sweat glands?

To regulate body temperature through perspiration.

What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

They transport antigens to lymph nodes.

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?

Stratum basale (stratum geminativum)

What type of cells are found in the stratum basale?

Stem keratinocytes, tactile epithelial cells, melanocytes, and dendritic cells.

What is the primary function of the dermis?

It provides strong, flexible connective tissue and houses blood vessels and nerves.

What are dermal papillae?

Small projections in the papillary dermis that increase surface area for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange.

What type of connective tissue makes up the reticular dermis?

Dense (irregular) connective tissue.

What is the significance of cleavage lines in the skin?

They indicate the separation of less dense regions between collagen bundles, affecting skin strength and resilience.

What is the function of the subpapillary vascular plexus?

It helps in temperature regulation by engorging dermal vessels to cool the body.

What is the composition of the papillary dermis?

Loose (areolar) connective tissue with dermal papillae.

What is the role of collagen fibers in the skin?

They provide strength and resilience.

What happens to dermal vessels when the body is hot?

They engorge, cooling the body by radiating heat away.

What are tactile epithelial cells associated with?

Sensory nerve endings, acting as receptors for touch.

What is the epidermis innervated by?

Sensory nerve endings.

How does the structure of the dermis contribute to fingerprints?

Dermal ridges and epidermal ridges create friction ridges that form unique patterns.

What is the role of elastic fibers in the skin?

They provide stretch-recoil properties.

What happens to collagen fibers during extreme stretch, such as in obesity or pregnancy?

They can tear, leading to stretch marks.

What is the primary cell type in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes.

What is the function of sensory nerve endings in the skin?

They detect touch, pressure, and pain.

What is the primary function of the dermal vascular plexus?

To regulate body temperature by controlling blood flow to the skin.

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

Melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

Where is melanin produced in the skin?

In the epidermis by melanocytes.

What is the role of carotene in skin color?

It is a yellow-orange pigment obtained from vegetables that contributes to skin color.

What does hemoglobin do in relation to skin color?

It gives a crimson color to blood, which can show through the skin, especially in lighter skin tones.

What is a blister?

A fluid-filled pocket resulting from the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, often due to friction.

What is the subcutaneous tissue also known as?

Superficial fascia or hypodermis.

What are the functions of subcutaneous tissue?

It stores fat, helps insulate the body, and anchors the skin to underlying structures.

What are the main components of nails?

Nail root, nail plate, free edge, eponychium (cuticle), and nail matrix.

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

It causes hair to stand erect when contracted.

What characterizes a first-degree burn?

Only the upper epidermis is damaged.

What happens in a second-degree burn?

The upper part of the dermis is also damaged, and blisters may appear.

What is a third-degree burn?

It consumes the thickness of the skin and may appear white, red, or blackened.

What are the chief parts of a hair?

Root, shaft, and hair follicle.

What is the hair bulb?

The deep, expanded end of the hair follicle.

What are the three concentric layers of hair?

Medulla (central core), cortex (surrounds medulla), and cuticle (outermost layer).

What does the term 'ingrown toenail' refer to?

A nail that grows into the nail fold, often due to ill-fitting shoes.

What is the role of the hair follicle receptor?

It is a knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb that detects hair movement.

What is the primary component of sweat?

99% water, with some salts and traces of metabolic wastes like urea and ammonia.

What is the purpose of sebum?

To collect dirt and soften and lubricate hair and skin.

What is the significance of the glassy membrane in hair follicles?

It acts as a basement membrane in the wall of the hair follicle.

What are the primary components of the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, and joints

What are the types of cartilage?

The types of cartilage include hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage provides support and reinforcement, acts as a resilient cushion, and resists compressive stress.

What is unique about elastic cartilage?

Elastic cartilage contains extensive elastic fibers and tolerates repeated bending.

Where is fibrocartilage typically found?

Fibrocartilage is found in the pubic symphysis, menisci of the knee, and intervertebral discs.

What is the perichondrium?

The perichondrium is a fibrous sheath surrounding cartilages, providing support and aiding in growth and repair.

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

The two types of cartilage growth are appositional growth and interstitial growth.

What are osteoblasts?

Osteoblasts are cells that produce and secrete bone matrix, including collagen fibers and ground substance.

What role do osteocytes play in bone tissue?

Osteocytes maintain the health of the bone matrix; if they die, the bone matrix is absorbed.

What is the composition of bone tissue?

Bone tissue is a type of connective tissue composed of cells, collagen fibers, and a mineralized ground substance.

What are the different types of bones?

The different types of bones include long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

What are bone markings?

Bone markings are features such as projections, articulating surfaces, depressions, and openings on bones.

What is the function of cartilage in the skeletal system?

Cartilage provides support, flexibility, and cushioning in the skeletal system.

How does cartilage heal after injury?

Cartilage heals poorly due to the limited ability of chondrocytes to divide and the lack of blood vessels.

What is the jelly-like ground substance in cartilage primarily made of?

The jelly-like ground substance in cartilage consists primarily of water (60-80%).

What is the significance of the hair follicle receptor?

The hair follicle receptor is a knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb that detects hair movement.

What percentage of bone is made up of organic components?

35% of bone is made up of organic components, primarily collagen.

What do inorganic components in bone provide?

Inorganic components, primarily calcium phosphate, provide exceptional hardness and resistance to compression.

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Compact bone and spongy (cancellous) bone.

What is the structural unit of compact bone called?

The osteon, also known as the Haversian system.

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

The diaphysis is the shaft of the long bone.