AP first test

metabolism

the sum of all chemical processes in the body

responsiveness

the bodies ability to detect and respond to changes

movement

motion of the whole body

growth

increase in size

differentiation

unspecialized to specialized

reproduction

new cells for tissue growth

homeostasis

maintained by body’s regulatory process and is dynamic

intracellular fluid

fluid inside cell

extracellular fluid

fluid outside cell

negative feedback loop

response reverses the change

positive feedback loop

reinforces change

matter

anything that occupies space and has mass

ion

an atom that has lost or gained an electron

cation

ion with positive charge

anion

ion with a negative charge

ionic bonds

formed between cation and anion

covalent bond

atoms share electrons

nonpolar

equal sharing of electrons

polar

unequal distribution of electrons

hydrogen bonds

when hydrogen atom bonds to electronegative atom

activation energy

the amount of energy needed to break chemical bonds

catalyst

substances that lower the activation energy of a reaction

exergonic

release energy to get products

endergonic

absorb energy to get products

inorganic molecules

lack carbon and are simple molecules

Acids

proton donors; they contain hydrogen cations

Bases

proton acceptors; they contain hydroxide anions

buffer systems

maintain homeostasis of pH by adding or removing H+ ions

high heat capacity

can absorb a lot of heat

hydorlysis

addition of water molecules to break bond

dehydration

removal of water to form bond

solvent

dissolves solute in a solution

high heat vaporization

requires a lot of energy to go from liquid to gas

mixture

elements or compounds that are blended together

solution

solutes are evenly dispersed; small and invisible

colloid

solutes are large and scatter light; making it opaque

suspension

solutes settle out if not mixed or centrifuged

organic compounds

always contain C, usually H and O, bonded with covalent bond

carbohydrates

carbon ring, sugars and starches; where we get energy

lipids

comprised of carboxyl and hydrocarbon chain

saturated fat

single covalent bond between C atoms

unsaturated fats

two or more C atoms have double covalent bond

phospholipids

charged (polar) head to two fatty acid tails

amphipathic

polar head and nonpolar tails

proteins

chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

enzyme

catalyst that lower activation energy of chemical reactions

nucleic acids

comprised of nucleotides

DNA

forms genetic code that regulates cell activity

RNA

guides protein formation

ATP

short-term energy storing molecule

cilia

move fluid across cell surfaces

flagella

move entire cell

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes important lipids, detoxifies harmful substances

mitochondria

generate ATP via aerobic respiration, control cell cycle

nucleus

produces ribosomes and contains cells DNA

transcription

genetic info in DNA is copied onto strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis

translation

reads RNA sequence to determine amino acid sequence

somatic cell divison

creates two identical daughter cells

plasma membrane

flexible barrier that surrounds and contains cytoplasm

lipid bilayer

framework of plasma membrane

electrical gradient

difference between electrical charge

passive transport

substances move from high to low

active transport

substances move from low to high

simple diffusion

movement from areas of high to low concentration

transmembrane protein

ion channels and carriers

facilitated diffusion

transmembrane proteins that help solutes too large or too charged diffuse through bilayer

osmosis

diffusion of water from high to low concentration

primary active transport

ATP changes shape of carrier protein to pump substance across membrane

secondary active transport

as one substance moves down, it propels another up gradient

sodium-potassium pump

transports Na+ out of cells and k+ into cells

membrane potential

an electrical potential difference across plasma membrane

endocytosis

surrounds material with cell membrane and brings inside

exocytosis

moves waste outside by fusing a transport vesicle with cell membrane

osmolarity

the concentration of solute; determines direction water moves

tonicity

changing shape of cell because of water movement in or out

hypotonic solution

extracellular fluid has lower concentration of solutes

lysis

cell bursting

hypertonic solution

extracellular fluid has higher concentration of solute

crenation

shrinking of cell

isotonic solution

same concentration of solutes throughout cell

cytoplasm

gel-substance that fills cell and enclosed by cell membrane

cytosol

water like fluid inside cell that surrounds organelles

amphipathic

phospholipids have a polar head(hydrophilic) and nonpolar tail(hydrophobic)

stimulus

a change in outside condition that triggers a response

controlled condition

the specific parameter that is being effected ex. body temp

receptor

the component that detects change in the controlled condition

control center

receives signal and sends out command to change system

effector

the specific muscle, organ, or gland that carries out response

biopsy

the removal of living tissue for microscopic examination

tight junction

transmembrane proteins fuse adjacent plasma membranes together; watertight seal

adherens junctions

protein plaques attach to microfilaments inside cell

desmosomes

protein plaques attach to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton

hemidesmosomes

attach cells to basement membrane

gap junctions

transmembrane proteins form tunnels that connect neighboring cells

extracellular matrix

material that surrounds cells

epithelial tissue

covers body surface, lines body cavities and organs, and forms glands

connective tissue

protects and supports the body and its organ

muscular tissue

specialized for contraction and generation of force

nervous tissue

sends and receives electrical and chemical signals