AP bio unit 9

5/6 kingdoms

Monera (Eubacteria, archaebacteria) , Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

three domains

domain bacteria, domain archaea, domain eukarya

Domain Archea

halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens

halophiles

love salt

thermophiles

love hot temperature

methanogens

love methane and anaerobic conditions

domain bacteria

One type of RNA polymerase, sensitive to antibiotics, lack introns

3 shapes of bacteria

Cocci, spirilla, bacilli

gram positive

Bacteria have simple cell walls

gram negative

Complex cell walls

harder for antibiotics to work

how do antibiotics kill bacteria

Inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall and cripple the bacteria

how do prokaryotes make symptoms

They invade the tissue of the host and most commonly it isn't the prokaryote that makes the symptoms but the toxins it produces

types of prokaryotic movement

flagella/ filaments/ slime gliding/ taxis

exotoxins

Is released by the cell

endotoxins

Release in the cell wall

commensalism

One organism benefits other is not affected

parasitism

The parasite benefits at cost of the host

mutualism

Both organisms benefit

nitrogen fixation

some convert ammonium to nitrate

others denitrify nitrate into nitrogen gas and release it back into the atmosphere

endosymbiotic theory

Eukaryotic cells come from partnership of prokaryotes

archezoa

Most closely related to prokaryotes

oldest eukaryotic organism

3 groups of protists

Plant-like protists (photosynthetic-algae) animal like protists (heterophic-protozoa) fungus like protists (absorptive-slime mold)

types of algae

Dinoflagellates, diatoms, green algae, brown algae, red algae, golden algae

dinoflagellates

Algae with flagella

diatoms

Reproduce asexually, symmetric shells of silicon for protection

green algae

Form lichen with fungi, ancestor of plants

brown algae

Kelp & seaweed, large protists, marine

red algae

moderate/deep sea levels and absorb red and blue wavelengths

golden algae

Use flagella and swim among plankton

amoebas

Unicellular

some have shells and they reproduce asexually, use pseudopodia to move and eat

paramecium

Contain cilia, solitary, freshwater, have macronucleus, micronuclei

plasmodial slime-molds

Heterotrophic, brightly colored (yellow/orange)

cellular slime molds

They are alone when there's lots of food and clump together when food is scarce form fruiting bodies which produce resistant spores

characteristics of kingdom fungi

cell wall made of chitin, heterotrophs and decomposers, body is made of long filaments of hyphae

How does fungi reproduce?

asexually by spores

sexually by hyphae filaments

types of fungi

club fungi, bracket fungi, cup fungi, mold

Myecellium

group of hyphae that sends spores underground to spread, also produces fruiting bodies on top of stalks

whats the change in the history of plants?

bryophytes, monilophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

bryophytes

Non-vascular with no seeds \n primitive plants \n live in damp areas \n flagellated sperm \n waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

Monilophytes

Seedless \n vascular plants, \n use xylem to transport water and phloem for sugar and nutrients \n no seeds \n ferns

gymnosperms

Seeded plants \n use pollination \n produce seeds in center \n conifers \n evergreen \n male and female cones

angiosperms

Flowering plants \n vascular \n monocots and dicots \n pollination is a very evolutionary advanced methods \n animals are used for pollination

monocots

parallel plant vein

dicots

branched plant veins

Angiosperm reproduction

Pollen is sperm goes into the egg and fertilizes it

animal characteristics

no cell walls \n multicellular \n sexual reproduction \n mobile \n heterotrophs \n store carbs as glycogen \n specialized nervous and muscle tissue

embryological events

Zygote, morula (solid mass of cells), blastula (hollow call of cells) , gastrula

gastrulation

Germ layer development \n mesoderm endoderm ectoderm \n produces coelom mouth and anus

cleavage

produces morula

blastopore

first opening in the developing embryo

protosomes

mouth first

dueterostomes

anus first

What makes a chordate

Notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, tail

notochord

support, replaced by bone

nerve cord

develops into brain and spinal chord

pharyngeal gill slits

open from digestive tube

function in filter feeding and gas exchange

tail

contains skeleton and muscle

lost by the time born in many species

class agnatha

Lampreys and hagfish

jawless small lack paired fins

Class Placodermi

placoderms

jawed- went extinct 350mya

Class Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays cartilaginous fish, skeleton made out of cartilage, well developed jaw, paired fins, lateral line system, internal fertilization

Class Osteichthyes

Bony fish, skin covered in scales and mucus, lateral line system, operculum, swim bladder

Class Amphibia

Lay and fertilize eggs in water but adults move on land/ gas exchange via lings, in mouth and across skin

Class Reptilia

Scales made of keratin, 3 chambered heart, internal fertilization most lay amniotic egg with a hard shell, oviparous

amnion

protection

yolk

nutrients

Class Aves

Wings feathers and light hollow bones, 4 chambered heart, endothermic, oviparous

Class Mammalia

Hair of keratin, mammary gland to nourish young, rapid metabolism, 4 chambered heart, regulate temp through sweat glands and hair

3 groups of mammals

Monotremes, marsupials, placental

monotremes

Platypus anteater, lay eggs

marsupials

Birthed immature and crawl to pouch and attach to a teat to complete development, kangaroos

placentals

Nourish embryo through placenta in womb, birthed more developed

characteristics of archaebacteria

histones in DNA, introns, in genes, multiple RNA polymerase, live in extreme conditions

characteristics of eubacteria

one type of RNA polymerase, lack introns in genome, sensitive to antibiotics

how does bacteria grow

binary fission, 1-3 hours

mesosome

extension of cell membrane