exam 1 studyguide chap 17, 18, 19

Why is blood a type of connective tissue?

Because it contains dissolved protein fibers. It is a mixture of formed elements (living blood cells & platelets) and plasma

Normal PH of blood?

7.4

But it is an be between 7.35 and 7.45

What are the typical proteins found in plasma? What do they do?

Albumin(60%)- Transports lipids and binds steroids

Fibrinogen(4%)- Helps create blood clotting

Globulins(35%)- Many different proteins with a wide variety of functions

What are erythrocytes?

>99% Red blood cells for O2 and CO2 transport

Tell me about erythropoiesis

Controlled by hormones, especially erythropoietin (EPO) from the Kidney.

Production of erythrocytes goes like this:

stem cell→ committed cell→ Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis→ Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation→ Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus

What are Leukocytes?

<1% White blood cells

Different types of leukocytes?

Granular leukocytes (granulocytes)- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)- Lymphocytes- T cells, B cells

Monocytes- tissue macrophages

What are thrombocytes?

Platelets

What’s erythropoesis? Which organ regulates it? What simulates it? Parent cell for different cell types?

regulation of RBC production

Kidneys

Regulated by negative feedback

Hematopoietic cella

O2 levels monitored in kidneys

Hypoxia increases EPO secretin from kidneys

EPO stimulates RBC production

What are megakarocytes

Bone marrow cell that produces blood platlets

What is anemia

Symptoms of reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Cause can be Hemolytic anemia or aplastic anemia

What is Hemolytic Anemia

Premature RBC destruction due to transfusion reaction, various diseases, hemorrhage, or genetic problems

What is aplastic anemia

Destruction or inhibition of hematopoietic components in bone marrow

Tumors, toxins, drugs, or irritation

what’s pernicious anemia

Lack of vitamin B12 which is needed for developing RBC cell division

What is blood reticulocyte count and what does it tell you

Stages of hemostasis

Process of blood clotting

Where is the heart located?

Thoracic cavity, specifically the mediastinum

Size of heart?

Size of fist

Apex of heart?

Pointed end located inferiorly

Base of heart

Wide part located superiorly

What is the fibrous pericardium? What is its functions? Describe it

Thin covering that surrounds the heart (outer layer)

~anchors the heart to surrounding structures and blood vessels

~ protects heart from damage

~ prevents overfilling of heart by limiting expansion

Tough inelastic tissue; not very stretchy

What is the serous pericardium? What is its functions? Describe it

A two-layer serous membrane beneath the fibrous pericardium

~two layers are parietal (outer) and visceral (inner) pericardium

~both secretes a serous(watery) lubricating fluid and reduces friction s the heart contracts and twists

Parietal- Binds to Fibrous pericardium

Visceral- Simple squamous epithelium that forms the epicardium. Forms visceral layer bound to the myocardium of the heart.

Name the layers of the heart wall

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

Describe Epicardium

Outer layer of heart also called Visceral serous pericardium.

Slippery from serous membrane composition. Smooth surface

Bound to the myocardium

Describe Myocardium

Thick middle layer of the heart

large mass of cardiac muscle

Describe Endocardium

Thin inner layer of heart

Endothelium over thin connective tissue

Smooth lining for the chambers and valves (like smooth inside)

Continuous with blood vessel endothelium

What is pericarditis?

inflammation of the pericardium

What is cardiac tamponade?

excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid (or bleeding) that restricts heart expansion. can lead to heart failure if left untreated

What are desmosomes?

Strong mechanical junctions to prevent cells from pulling apart during contractions

What are gap junctions?

Small tunnels that connect cells, allows ions and small solutes to pass directly between cells, enabling electrical coupling and a functional syncytium

What are intercalated disks?

Specialized junctions between cardiac muscle cells that enable rapid and coordinated contraction

Interatrial septum separates...

Right and left atria

Interventricular septum separates...

Right and left ventricles

How to know anterior view of heart?

the apex is on the right (your right)

Whats the coronary circulation

The heart's own blood supply from the coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta to perfuse the heart tissue

Tell me how blood flows in and out the heart

Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium via the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

Blood then goes from right atrium through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

From right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve and flows though the pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries to be oxygenated.

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.

Then goes from the left atrium through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.

The oxygenated blood then leaves the body through the aortic semilunar valve into the ascending Aorta.

Oxygenated blood goes all over the body and then comes back to the vena cava. full circle

thick side of heart

Left

What is Exertional Angina

Chest pain due to Myocardial ischemia

Describe Cardiac cells

Involuntary, branched, and striated. Utilizes the sliding filament method of muscle contraction. They have intercalated discs, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

How many chambers of heart? name them

4. right atrium, left atrium. right ventricle, left ventricle.